Anatomy And Physio > bones > Flashcards

bones Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

What is skeletal cartilage characterized by?

A
  • No nerves
  • No blood vessels
  • Nutrients from perichondrium

Skeletal cartilage is essential for the structure and function of joints.

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2
Q

Name the types of cartilage.

A
  • Hyaline
  • Elastic
  • Fibrocartilage

Each type has distinct properties and functions in the body.

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3
Q

What are the basic components of cartilage?

A
  • Chondrocytes
  • Lacunae
  • Extracellular matrix

These components are crucial for the structure and function of cartilage.

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4
Q

Define appositional growth.

A

Growth from the outside, where new matrix is laid over the outside face of cartilage

This type of growth increases the diameter of cartilage.

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5
Q

Define interstitial growth.

A

Growth from the inside out, where chondrocytes inside lacunae secrete new matrix from within

This type of growth increases the length of cartilage.

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6
Q

List the functions of bone.

A
  • Support
  • Protects vital organs
  • Movement
  • Storage of minerals
  • Blood cell formation
  • Fat storage
  • Hormone production

Each function plays a vital role in maintaining homeostasis and overall health.

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7
Q

What are the two groups of the 206 bones in the human body?

A
  • Axial skeleton
  • Appendicular skeleton

The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage, while the appendicular skeleton includes limbs and girdles.

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8
Q

axial skeleton

A

-skull, vertebral column, rib cage
-protection and support

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9
Q

appendicular skeleton

A
  • upper/lower limbs and pectoral/pelvic girdle
    -support and motion
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10
Q

What are the characteristics of long bones?

A
  • Longer than they are wide
  • Have a shaft and 2 expanded ends

Examples include all bones except the patella and ankle/wrist bones.

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11
Q

What are short bones characterized by?

A
  • Cubed shape

An example of short bones includes carpals (wrist bones).

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12
Q

What are flat bones?

A
  • Thin
  • Flattened
  • Curved

Examples include the sternum, scapulae, ribs, and skull.

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13
Q

What is the structure of compact bone?

A
  • Smooth
  • Dense outer layer
    -external

Compact bone forms the external layer of all bones.

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14
Q

What is the structure of spongy bone?

A
  • Honeycomb structure, bones, and cavities
  • Contains trabeculae
    -red marrow–> blood cells
    -yellow marrow–> fat cells
    -made of irregularly arranged lamellae and osteocytes interconnected by cananiculi
    -no osteons

Spongy bone is found within the interior of bones and contains red and yellow marrow.

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15
Q

Diaphysis

A

-shaft of bone
-long axis made of compact bone with a medullary cavity

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16
Q

epiphyses

A

compact bone exterior with spongy bone in the interior

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17
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

The outer bone membrane
-fibrous outer layer is dense irregular connective tissue

It consists of a fibrous outer layer and an inner osteogenic layer containing stem cells.

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18
Q

What are osteogenic cells?

A
  • Undifferentiated cells (stem cells)
  • Actively mitotic

They are responsible for the formation of new bone cells.

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19
Q

What do osteoblasts do?

A

Secrete bone matrix
-actively mitotic
-responsible for bone growth

They are responsible for bone growth and produce osteoid.

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20
Q

osteoid

A

collagen
-calcium binding proteins

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21
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Mature bone cells that occupy lacunae

They maintain the bone matrix and have sensory functions.

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22
Q

What is the function of osteoclasts?

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A

Breakdown bone
-made from hematopoietic stem cells like macrophages

They are derived from hematopoietic stem cells and play a crucial role in bone remodeling.

23
Q

Components of compact bone

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A

-osteons
-haversian canal (central canal)
-perforating canals(volkmanns canals)
-lacunae with osteocytes
-caniculi
interstitial lamellae–> fills the gaps between osteons
-circumferential lamellae surround bone on inside and outside

24
Q

What is the Haversian canal?

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A

Center of the osteon containing blood vessels and nerves
-central canal

It is essential for the nourishment of bone tissue.

25
What is the **chemical composition** of bone?
* Organic: living portion, including bone cells and osteoid * Inorganic: mineral salts (hydroxyapatites) ## Footnote The organic component provides flexibility, while the inorganic component provides hardness.
26
What is the process of **ossification** also known as?
Osteogenesis ## Footnote Ossification refers to the formation of bone.
27
What are the **two types** of ossification?
* Endochondral ossification * Membranous ossification ## Footnote These types describe different processes of bone formation.
28
Endochondral ossification results in **endochondral bone** and involves all bones except which two?
* Skull * Clavicle ## Footnote This process starts as hyaline cartilage that is later converted to bone.
29
What is the **primary ossification center** in endochondral ossification?
PERICHONDRIUM→ PERIOSTEUM→ Osteogenic cells→ osteoblasts→ bone collar ## Footnote This sequence outlines the development of bone from cartilage.
30
Endochondral ossification
-bone collar forms around the diaphysis of the hyaline model -cartilage in the center of the diaphysis calcifies and develops cavities -blood vessels invade and spongy bone forms -diaphysis elongates and medullary cavity forms . secondary ossification site appear in the epiphyses -epiphysis ossifies . when completed hyaline cartilage remains only in the epiphyseal plate and articular cartilages
31
Intramembranous ossification results in **membrane bone** and primarily forms which types of bones?
* Bones of the head * Clavicles * Mostly flat bones ## Footnote This process occurs within a fibrous connective tissue membrane.
32
What appears in the fibrous connective tissue membrane during intramembranous ossification?
Ossification centers ## Footnote These centers produce the first trabeculae of spongy bone.
33
What are the **two types** of postnatal growth?
* Length * Width ## Footnote These types describe how bones grow after birth.
34
What type of growth occurs at the **epiphyseal plate**?
Interstitial growth ## Footnote This growth is responsible for increasing the length of bones.
35
What is the **resting zone** in the growth of bones?
Chondrocytes inactive on the side closest to the epiphysis ## Footnote This zone is crucial for maintaining the structure of the growth plate.
36
What happens in the **proliferation zone** during bone growth?
Stacks of cells form and the cells on the top are highly active ## Footnote This activity is essential for bone lengthening.
37
What occurs in the **ossification zone** during bone growth?
Remodeling and new bone is formed ## Footnote This zone is critical for the final stages of bone development.
38
What is **appositional growth**?
Growth in width ## Footnote This growth allows bones to widen as they lengthen.
39
What do **osteoblasts** do during appositional growth?
Add to the exterior surface ## Footnote This process is essential for increasing bone width.
40
What is the role of **osteoclasts** in bone remodeling?
Break down bone on the endosteal (inside surface) ## Footnote This process helps maintain bone health and structure.
41
What is a **nondisplaced fracture**?
Ends remain in normal position ## Footnote This type of fracture does not require surgical intervention.
42
What is a **compound (open) fracture**?
Penetrates skin ## Footnote This type of fracture often requires surgical treatment.
43
What is the first step in **fracture repair**?
Reduction: the realignment of the broken bone ends ## Footnote This step is crucial for proper healing.
44
What is **soft callus formation** in fracture repair?
Granulation tissue ## Footnote This tissue is essential for the healing process.
45
What is **osteomalacia**?
Poorly mineralized bones resulting in pain when bearing weight ## Footnote This condition is often related to vitamin D deficiency.
46
What is **osteoporosis**?
Bone resorption faster than bone deposit, leading to bone mass decline ## Footnote This condition increases the risk of fractures.
47
What is **Paget's disease**?
Excessive and arbitrary bone deposit and resorption causing bone weakness ## Footnote This disease can lead to pain and bone deformation.
48
What is **scoliosis**?
Curvature of the spine with rotation ## Footnote This condition can affect posture and overall health.
49
What is a **Colles fracture**?
Distal end of radius breaks ## Footnote This type of fracture is common in wrist injuries.
50
What is **carpal tunnel syndrome**?
Compression of the median nerve in the wrist ## Footnote This condition can cause pain and numbness in the hand.
51
What is a **Pott's fracture**?
Fracture at the distal end of fibula, tibia, or both ## Footnote This type of fracture often occurs due to ankle injuries.
52
what are the steps of interstitial growth?
Interstitial growth at the epiphyseal plate Resting zone: chondrocytes inactive on the side closest to the epiphysis Proliferation zone: stacks oi cells form and the cells on the top are highly active Hypertrophic zone: no cellular division and older chondrocytes enlarge Calcification zone: cartilage calcifies and chondrocytes die and deteriorate followed by medullary invasion Ossification zone: remodeling and new bone is formed
53
What are the steps of appositional growth?
*growth in the widening* - osteoblasts under the periosteum add to the exterior surface - osteoclasts break down bone on the endosteal -breakdown on the inside slower than building up outside
54
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