Bones

Question 1

Definition of bones

Answer 1

Rigid structures which form the framework of the body

Question 2

Give 6 functions of the bones

Answer 2

1. Form skeleton for support
2. Provide attachment to muscles
3. Allow different movements by acting as levers
4. Protective function of vital organs
5. Important storage for salts
6. Hematopoietic function by producing new blood cells

Question 3

What are the two parts of the skeleton?

Answer 3

1. Axial Skeleton

2. Appendicular Skeleton

Question 4

What makes up the axial skeleton?

Answer 4

Skull, vertebral column and thoracic cage

Question 5

What are the three areas of the sternum?

Answer 5

1. Manubrium
2. Body
3. Xiphoid Process

Question 6

What makes up the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 6

Upper and lower limbs including shoulder and pelvic girdle

Question 7

What are the four segments of the upper and lower limbs?

Answer 7

1. Girdle (pectoral / pelvic)
2. Proximal segment (arm / thigh)
3. Intermediate segment (forearm / leg)
4. Distal segment (hand / foot)

Question 8

From and including the girdle of the arm, name the order of bones and joints down the arm

Answer 8

1. Scapula / Clavicle
2. Shoulder Joint
3. Humerus
4. Elbow Joint
5. Radius / Ulna
6. Wrist Joint
7. Carpals
8. Carpometacarpal Joint
9. Metacarpals
10. Metacarpophalangeal Joint
11. Phalanges

Question 9

From and including the girdle of the leg, name the order of bones and joints down the leg

Answer 9

1. Hip Bone
2. Hip Joint
3. Femur
4. Knee Joint
5. Tibia / Fibula
6. Ankle Joint
7. Tarsals
8. Tarsometatarsal Joint
9. Metatarsals
10. Metatarsophalangeal Joint
11. Phalanges

Question 10

What are the two types of bone by structure?

Answer 10

1. Compact

2. Spongy / Cancellous

Question 11

What is compact bone?

Answer 11

Dense hard material which makes up the shaft of long bones

Question 12

What is spongy bone?

Answer 12

Delicate bony meshwork, consisting of irregularly shaped plates called trabeculae, which fills the inside of bones

Question 13

What are the 6 ways to classify bones by shape?

Answer 13

1. Long
2. Short
3. Irregular
4. Flat
5. Pneumatic
6. Sesamoid

Question 14

What is a long bone and give 2 examples of a long bone

Answer 14

Consists of a long shaft and two ends

Femur / Humerus

Question 15

What is a short bone and give 2 examples

Answer 15

Cupoidal bones composed of spongy bone and a thin cover of compact bone
Carpals / Tarsals

Question 16

What is an irregular bone and give 2 examples

Answer 16

Irregularly shaped bone made up of spongy bone and a thin cover of compact bone
Vertebrae / Facial Bones

Question 17

What is a flat bone and give 2 examples

Answer 17

Thin, flattened bone composed of spongy bone and covered on both sides by a thin layer of compact bone
Scapula / Cranial Bones

Question 18

What is a pneumatic bone and give an example

Answer 18

Bones which have an air filled cavity

Maxilla

Question 19

What is a sesamoid bone and give an example

Answer 19

Small nodules of bone present in some tendons

Patella in the knee joint

Question 20

What are the three arteries by which blood is supplied to the bone?

Answer 20

1. Periosteal
2. Nutrient
3. Articular

Question 21

What is the periosteum?

Answer 21

A thin, fibrous, transparent, connective tissue membrane which covers all bones

Question 22

What is the nutrient foramina?

Answer 22

A small opening in the bone where the nutrient arteries pass through

Question 23

Which part of the bone are periosteal arteries responsible for nourishing?

Answer 23

Compact bone

Question 24

Which part of the bone are nutrient arteries responsible for nourishing?

Answer 24

Spongy bone

Question 25

What are articular arteries?

Answer 25

Arteries which enter the bone as epiphyseal and metaphyseal arteries to supply ends of the bone at a joint

Question 26

What are the two types of ossification?

Answer 26

1. Membranous | 2. Endochondral

Question 27

What is membranous ossification and where does it happen?

Answer 27

When connective tissue membranes are directly replaced by bony tissue. It happens in some flat and irregular bones in the skull

Question 28

What is endochondral ossification?

Answer 28

When hyaline cartilages are replaced by bony tissue