Anatomy 3 Final General > Brain > Flashcards

Brain Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the pars of the Brain?

A

A. Hindbrain:
1. RHOMBENCEPHALON (4th ventricle)
= Myelencephalon (MO) and
= Metencephalon (Pons+Cerebellum)

B. Midbrain
2. MESENCEPHALON

C. Forebrain
3. PROENCEPHALON
= DIENCEPHALON (3rd ventricle) and
= TELENCEPHALON

Other divisions:
CEREBRUM
CEREBELLUM
BRAIN STEM
= Medulla oblungata + bulb
\+ Pons
\+ Midbrain
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2
Q

Function of the BRAIN

A

Controll of organs

Regulation,
Co-ordination and
Integration of rest of nervous system

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3
Q

The position of the Brain?

A

Enclosed in the Cranial cavity
- rostral cavity (larger) -> CEREBRUM
tentorium Cerebelli

  • Caudal cavity (smaller) -> CEREBELLUM
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4
Q

MENINGES of the BRAIN

A 
Meninges = Soft tissue membranes enclosing CNS
It has 3 layers(superf-deep)
1. DURA MATER (thick and fibrous)
- Dura Mater ENCEPHALI
- Dura Mater SPINALIS
  1. ARACHINOIDEA
    - Cavum SUBARACHINOIDEA
    - CISTERNA
  2. PIA MATER
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5
Q

MENINGES of the BRAIN

DURA MATER

A

Thick and fibrous
Devided into:

  1. Dura Mater SPINALIS !!
    - lining ENDORACHIS = vertebral canal from CAVUM EPIDURALIS
    - Encloses Spinal roots
    - At caudal end:
    Blind ending sac
    Fusion with other Meninges layers
    FILUM TERMINALE DURA MATIS
    BLOODSUPPLY: SPINAL ARTERIES
  2. Dura Mater ENCEPHALI !!
    - fused with inner PERIOSTEUM of skull
    It has 3 portions:

I: FALX CEREBRI from:
CRISTA Galli ->
INT. OCCIPITAL PROTUBERANTIA

II: TRANSVERSE TENTORIUM CEREBELLI
Btw CEREBRUM and CEREBELLUM

III: DIAPHRAGMA SELLAE
Separates HYPOTHALAMUS from Brain, in FOSSA HYPOPHYSEALIS

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6
Q

MENINGES of the BRAIN

ARACHINOIDEA

A

ARACHINOIDEA with CAVUM SUBARACHINOIDEA!
= Nerwork of TRaBECULaE + FILAMENT + CEReBRAL FLUID

CISTERNA:

  1. CEREBROMEDULLARIS
  2. VALLECULAE LATERALIS CEREBRI
  3. CHiASMATIS
  4. INTER PEDUNCULARIS
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7
Q

MENINGES of the BRAIN

PIA MATER

A

ENCEPHALI and SpINALIS

  • Direct contact with GLIAL LIMITING membrane of Neural Tissue!
  • Richly innervated by BS ++
  • Bilaterally thickened Along lateral surface of Spinal chord = DENTICULATE LIG.
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8
Q

STRUCTURES of Medulla Spinalis

A

From inside out:

1. GREY MATTER = 
Neural bodies + 
Glial cells + Neuron processes 
A. CANALIS CENTRALIS
B. CORNU
- Ventralis (EFFERENT MOTOR)
- Lateralis
- Dorsalis (AFFERENT SENSORY)
  1. WHiTE MATTER
    = Myelinated axons + descending nerve fibers
    A. FUNiCULUS
    - Ventralis
    - Lateralis
    - Dorsalis
    ( FUNICULUS CUNEATUS and FUNICULUS GRACILIS)
  2. SULCUS
    - Medianus dorsalis
    - Intermedius Dorsalis
    - Lateralis Dorsalis
  3. FISSURA Medianus Ventralis
  4. SEPTUM Medianus
  5. Radix Dorsalis
  6. Radix Ventralis
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9
Q

The reflex arch?

A

SENSORY:
AFFERENT from the muscle through FOR. iNTERVERTEBRAle to the Ggl SPINALiS to the Dorsal CORNU!

AFF MUSCLE - Ggl SPINALiS - Cornu dorsalis

MOTOR Cornu Ventralis - For. iNTeRVERtEBrAle - Muscle

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10
Q

SPINAL SEGMENT and formation of SPINAL NERVES

A 
Spinal segment: 
Has 4 parts:
1. Pars Cervicalis 
- Cervical Spinal Nerves
- INTERMENSCENTIA CERVICALIS
- Plexus Brachialis
  1. Pars Thoracica
    - Thoracic Spinal Nerves
  2. Pars Lumbalis et Sacralis
    - INTERMENSCENTIA LUMBALIS
    - PLEXUS Lumbalis et Sacralis
  3. Pars Coccygea
    - conus terminalis
    - Cauda EQUINA
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11
Q

Spinal segment
PARS CERViCALis
D: Dorsalis
V: ventralis

A

DORSAL
N. suboccipitalis (C1)
N.Occipitalis Major (C2)
R. dorsalis (C3-C5)
R.dorsalis rami medialis er lateralis (C6-C8)
R. dorsalis rami medialis et lateralis (Th1-2)

VENTRAL
N. Auricularis Magnus (C2)
N. transversus colli (C2)

C1+C2: ANSA CERVICALIS = connection
Head and NECK!

Nn. SUPRAClAVICULARIS —> N. PHRENICUS
// Respi —> NECK!
TH1-2: PLEXUS BRACHiALIS 
With:
RADIX 
Plexus
NN. spinalis
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12
Q

Formation of the N.Spinalis

A

RADIX dorsalis with Ggl spinalis
RADIX Ventralis
- Through For. intervertebrale
=> N. Spinalis

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13
Q

Nn CERVICALIS

A

RADIX Dorsalis
RADIX Ventralis

Branches:

  • n. Medialis
  • N. Cutaleus medialis
  • N. Lateralis
  • N. Dorsalis -> Apiaxial muscles of trunk
  • N. Ventralis -> Hypaxial muscles of trunk + FL + HL + Skin
  • N. Cutaneus lateralis
  • N. Cutaneus Ventralis
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14
Q

RHOMBENCEPHALON

In general

A
  1. MYENCEPHALON = Medulla oblubgata (CAUDAL part)
  2. METENCEPHALON =
    Pons + Cerebellum (ROSTRAL Part)
- Includes the:
VENTRICULUS QUARTUS (4th ventricle)
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15
Q

RHOMBENCEPHALON
- MYELENCEPHALON
Borders

A

= MEDULLA OBLUBGATA

Borders:
- From 1st pair of Nervi Cervicales—> PONS
- Encloses Caudal Part of 4th VENTRICLE
+ VELUM MEDULAE CAUDALE

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16
Q

RHOMBENCEPHALON
- MYELENCEPHALON
Location Nuclei

A

= MEDULLA OBLUNGATA

FOSSA MEDULLARE OBLUNGATA, DORSAL to Basi Occipital

NUCLEI of Cranial Nerves VI - XII
+ corresponding PARASYMPATHETIC NUCLEI
+ caudal part of LARGE nucleus of TRIGEMINAL NERVE

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17
Q

RHOMBENCEPHALON
- MYELENCEPHALON
Function

A
  1. Controll of RESPiRATION & CIRCULATION
  2. Reflex for:
    - Protection of the EYE
    = Palpebral reflex and lacrimal secretion
  • Upper RESPIRATORY TRACT
    = Sneezing, Couching
  • Food intake
    = SUCLING and SWALLOWING

NB!!
- LEISON of MO = defekt of Cranial Nerves
—> DEATH

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18
Q

RHOMBENCEPHALON
- MYELENCEPHALON
Structures found on the Ventral AsPect

A
  1. Fissura mediana
  2. Sulcus medianus
  3. Pyramis/ Tractus Pyramidalis
  4. Deccussatio Pyramidum
  5. OLIVIA
  6. Sulcus lateralis Ventralis
    - Nn. hypoglossus & abducens
  7. Funiculus lateralis
- Cranial Nerves VI-XII
IX, X and XI 
- in Ca leaving through For. Jugulare
- in Eq: For. lacerum 
XII 
- Foramen N. hypoglossi
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19
Q

RHOMBENCEPHALON
- MYELENCEPHALON
Structures found on the DORSAL AsPect

A 
Corpus restiforme (lat)
—> Afferent fibers
\+
Corpus Juxtarestiforme (med)
—> Tractus vestibulocerebellaris & Tractus Cerebelloveestibularis

= Pedunculus Cerebellaris Caudalis
—> Connection of MO to Cerebellum

  1. TUBERCULUM Nuclei Cuneati
    = Prominence
  2. FACICULUS cuneatus = Bundach’s tract
    —> Sensory fibers —> FL
  3. TUBERCULUM Nuclei OPTICUS
  4. FACICULUS Gracilis = Goll’s tract
    —> Sensory fibers —> HL
  5. Sulcus Intermedius dorsalis
  6. Sulcus lateralis dorsalis
  7. Sulcus Medianus dorsalis
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20
Q

RHOMBENCEPHALON
- MYELENCEPHALON
Structures found on the Transverse Section

A 
Faciculus cuneatus (Burdach)
Faciculus Gracilis (Goll)
Sulcus MEDIANUS dorsalis 
Sulcus intermedius dorsalis 
Sulcus lateralis dorsalis
Sulcus lateralis Ventralis
Fissura MEDIANUS
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21
Q

RHOMBENCEPHALON

- METENCEPHALON

A

PARTS

  1. PONS
  2. CEREBELLUM
  3. TEGMENTUM METENCEPHALI
  4. VELUM MEDULARE ROSTRALE
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22
Q

RHOMBENCEPHALON
- METENCEPHALON
PONS

A

Pons = Bridge btw MO and MESENCEPHALON

  1. DORSAL part = TEGMENTUM Pontis (=ROOF of the 4th ventricle)
  2. VENTRAL part
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23
Q

RHOMBENCEPHALON
- METENCEPHALON
PONS
Main features

A

TRIGEMINAL nerve (V) (lat)
+ its motor nucleus
+ other motor Nuclei

  • Nuclei + Nervefibers of Formatio Reticularis = 1/2 PONS
  • Ascending + Descending Tracts
    Pedunculus cerebellaris medius—> CEREBELLUM
  • Fossa RHOMBOIDEA —> 4th ventricle
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24
Q

RHOMBENCEPHALON
- METENCEPHALON
CEREBELLUM
Location

A

Above ventricle IV / DORSAL to FOSSA RHOMBOIDEA

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25
RHOMBENCEPHALON - METENCEPHALON CEREBELLUM Composed of:
``` BULK of GREY MATTER = CORTEX CEREBELLI + WHITE MATTER (Enclosed in Cortex) = CORPUS MEDULLARE —> Forms a «tree of Life» = ARBOR VITAE ``` PARTS: - Median Saggital Ridge = VERMIS - Lat. Hemispheres = Hemisphera Cerebellaris ``` VERMIS: - Rostral Lobe = ARCHICEREBELLUM - Caudal Lobe = NEOCEREBELLUM - Flocculonodular Lobe = PALEOCERREBELLUM (caudoventr) + HEMISPHERA CEREBELLI ```
26
RHOMBENCEPHALON - METENCEPHALON CEREBELLUM FUNCTION
1. Balance 2. Coordination of skelletal muscles// Posture and locomotion —> Caudal Lobe : MOTOR function —> Rostral Lobe : PROPRIPCEPTIVE information
27
RHOMBENCEPHALON - METENCEPHALON CEREBELLUM Connection to BRAINSTEM
Rostral Cerebellar Peduncles —> Velum MEDULLARE rostrale Caudal Cerebellar Peduncles —> Velum MEDULLARE caudale Middle Cerebellar Peduncles —> PONS
28
RHOMBENCEPHALON - METENCEPHALON 4th VENTRICLE
VELA MEDULLARE & FOSSA RHOMBOIDEA = 4th ventricle ``` Velum MEDULLARE rostrale et caudale - Btw FOSSA RHOMBOIDEA - Cerebellum - like a TENT // Velum MEDULLARE Caudale —>TELA CHOROIDEA ``` Velum MEDULLARE + Cerebellum = ROOF of 4th ventricle Fossa RHOMBOIDEA = FLOOR of 4th ventricle - WALL marked by bilateral EMINENCES = AREA ACCUSTICA - EMINENTIA Medialis: Btw Sulcus mediastinus —> LIMITANS - Nuclei of Cranial Nerves IX, X, XII OBEX = Caudal end of Sulcus MEDIANUS
29
RHOMBENCEPHALON | - Nuclei MO (MESENCEPHALON)
Ca: 1. Nucl Parasympatheticus vagi 2. Nucl Intercalatus - reflex connection to nucleus motorius N.HYPOGLOSSi 3. Nucl Tractus Solitarii (Tractus solitarius= GUSTATORY fibers of nn VII & IX + Sensory fibers of nn. IX & X 4. Nucl Ambiguus(Nucl motorius nn vagi et glossopharyngeus) 5. TEGMENTUM RHOMBENCEPHALI —> To canalis centralis & 4th ventricle
30
RHOMBENCEPHALON | - Nuclei PONS (METENCEPHALON)
1. Nucleus ceruleus? 2. Nucl. Sensibilis pontinus n. Trigemini 3. Nucl. Motorius n. Trigemini 4. Nucl. Motorius n. Abducentis 5. Nucl. VESTIBULARIS med et lat 6. Nucl. Cochlearis dors et ventr 7. Nucl. Motorius n. Facialis 8. Nucl dorsalis corporis trapezoidei + ventr 9. Trat. Spinalis n. Trigemini + Nucl
31
MESENCEPHALON, DIENCEPHALON
MESENCEPHALON = Midbrain Dorsal—>Ventral 1- Tectum mesencephali (Lamina tecti, lamina Quadrigemina) 2+ TEGMENTUM mesencephali 3+ cerebral Peduncles / Crura Cerebri, Pedunculi Cerebri ``` DIENCEPHALON = Forebrain = 1. EPIthalamus 2. Thalamus 3. Metathalamus 4. Hypothalamus ```
32
Midbrain | Function
Function of MESENCEPHALON ``` // Nuclei of III & IV Cranial Nerves —> Coordination of voluntary Muscle functions ``` ``` // Red nucleus —> Muscle Tone, Body posture, LOcOmOtIoN ``` ``` // Substantia Nigra —> Intitia phase of FAST movement ``` Aquaductus mesencephali: Btw III and IV ventricles
33
MESENCEPHALON | - Tectum mesencephali
TECTUM mesencephali (Lamina tecti, Lam quadrigemina) = ROOF of Midbrain —> Covers Aquaductus Mesencephali ``` = Coliculus rostrale + Coliculus caudale - Colliculi = Reflex centers for HEARING&VISION - Coliculus rostrale = VISION PATHWAY Corpus geniculatum laterale - Coliculus caudale = AUDITORY PATHWAY Corpus geniculatum mediale ```
34
MESENCEPHALON | - TEGMENTUM mesencephali
= cone of Midbrain Formed mostly by reticular formation! 1. Nucleus Motorius m. OCULOMOTORIUS III 2. Nucleus Parasympatheticus N. OCULOMOTORIUS IIi 3. Nucleus Ruber = red nucleus 4. Nucleus TRochlearis IV 5. Nucleus motorius N. Trigemini V Substantia Nigra = Underly TEGMENTUM and Red nucleus
35
MESENCEPHALON | - CRURA CEREBRI
Visible on Ventral aspect Caudal to optic tract! Bound: Laterally —> by Piriform lobes Caudally —> by the PONS ``` Contains: Decending tracts —> to TELENCEPHALON - Fossa Interpedubcularis: contain: 1. mammillary body 2. hypophyseal INFUNDIBULUM 3. Pituitary gland ```
36
DIENCEPHALON
= Forebrain = Part of the PROENCEPHALON! 3rd ventricle ``` Rostrally: ventriculus lateralis L/R Foramen interventriculare Lamina terminalis Commisura rostralis Optic Chiasma ``` ``` Caudally: Plexus choroideus Epithalamus w/ Glandula Pinealis Habenula Lamina terminalis grisea Commissura caud Aquaductus mesencephali ``` ``` Ventrally: Pedunculus Cerebri Corpus mammilae Hypothalamus Cavity of hypophysis ```
37
DIENCEPHALON | Function
1. Pineal Gland —> Regulates SEXUAL AVTIVITY and its seasonal changes Involved in Sleep-wake cycle! 2. Thalamus: —> Sensory tract -> cerebral Cortex (exept olefactory) ``` 3. Hypothalamus: —> Controlls HYPOPHYSIS —> Endocrine syst - Eating and Drining behavoir - temperature regulation - Autonomic nervous system regulation ```
38
DIENCEPHALON | - EPITHALAMUS
- Glandula Pinealis + Habenula & Assosiated tracts ``` GLANDULA PINEALIS = Endocrine gland Function: —> Secrets MELATONIN + others - affects sexual activity - Ovarian activity ``` ``` HABENULA = Habenular Nuclei —> Recieve fibers from TELENCEPHALON —> Send fibers to MESENCEPHALON Function: —> IMPoRTaInt part of OLEFACTORY Pathway ```
39
DIENCEPHALON | - THALAMUS
= lateral wall of 3rd ventricle = largest part of DIENCEPHALON ``` DORSAL THALAMUS - a lot of Nuclei —> cerebral Cortex = Integration centers to the brain stem (bs) - Afferent tracts: GUSTATORY OPTIC ACOUSTIC VESTIBULAR organ (not olefaction) ``` SUBTHALAMUS = Rostral continuation of TEGMENTUM MESENCEPHALI - Contains Subthalmic Nuclei = relay for EXTRAPYRAMIDAL MOTOR PATHWAY - L+R THALAMUS = Connected by ADHESIONS INTERTHALAMICA = Enclosed by 3rd ventricle!
40
DIENCEPHALON | - METATHALAMUS
= Caudolateral part of THALAMUS | - Comprises medial & lateral geniculate bodies/ Corpora Geniculata
41
DIENCEPHALON | - HYPOTHALAMUS
``` = Floor of 3rd ventricle Rostral —> Caudal - Optic Chiasma - Tuber cineneum/ grey tuber of 3rd ventricle - Corpus Mammilae/ mammillary body ``` INFUNDIBULUM with Hypophysis= pituitary Gl HYPOPHYSIS = Neurophysis Intermediate part + ADENOPHYSIS
42
TELENCEPHALON
``` = Paired hemispheres - separated by: Longitudinal Fissures - connected by: Commisural Fissures —> Corpus callosum - on the surface of the Hemispheres Elevated bands: GYRI CEREBRI Separated by: SULCI CEREBRI ``` - Composition of Hemispheres: Surface GREY Matter = Cerebral Cortex or PHALLIUM Cerebral WHITE Matter + deep accumulation of grey matter = BASAL NUCLEI
43
TELENCEPHALON | Function
Olefactory area - Rhinencephalon Visual area Auditory area Motor area —> controll of voluntary posture and movement
44
TELENCEPHALON | Cortex or PALLIUM
= PALEO+ARCHI+NEOPALLIUM PALEOPALLIUM —> OLFACTION ARCHIPALLIUM —> short term memory NEOPALLIUM! 4 lobes Ventral —> medial —> dorsolateral = Enveloping the brainstem
45
TELENCEPHALON | PALEOPALIUM
``` OLEFACTION = Oldest part phylogenetically Ventral part of each HEMISPHERES - Part of RHINENCEPHALON - between sulcus rhinalis lateralis & sulcus endorhinalis ROSTRAL to it: Bulbus Olefactorius LATERAL: includes Lobus Piriformis MEDIAL: commisura terminalis rostralis (Rostral wall of IV ventricle) ```
46
TELENCEPHALON | - ARCHIPALLIUM
= Short term memory Next oldest - MEDIAL Part of each HEMISPHERES = HYPOCAMPUS + associated structures
47
TELENCEPHALON | - NEOPHALLIUM
= youngest Predominant part Dorsolateral 4 LOBES, named by the overlying bone: 1. FRONTAL Motor areas + origin of pyramidal tracts + concentration ``` 2. PARIETTAL Sensory area (Pain, touch, pressure) ``` ``` 3. TEMPORAL Auditory area (+langage) + LIMBIC system in it!! - Hypocapus, short term memory - Amygdala, emotions ``` 4. OCCIPITAL Visual Area Separated from RHINENCEPHALON by sulcus rhinalis
48
TELENCEPHALON | - NEOPALLIUM and CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES
``` Fissura LONGITUDINALIS Cerebri - Separates L+R HEMISPHERES - Flanked by: Sulcus MARGINALIS Sulcus CRUCIATUS ``` Picture: - Sulcus suprasylvius - Sulcus ectosylvius (rostral/caudal) - Olefactory bulb - Sulcus rhinalis lateralis - pars rostralis et caudalis - Lobus piriformis - Fissura transversa Cerebri - FISSURA Sylvia
49
TELENCEPHALON GYRi and Sulcuses DORSAL view
``` DORSAL VIEW GYRi: - Frontal - Prorean - Precruciate - Postcruciate - Endomarginal - Marginal - Ectomarginal - Suprasylvian (rostral et caudal) - Ectosylvian ``` SULCI: fissura LONGITUDINALIS most DORSAL - Prorean - Presylvian - Cruciate - Postcruciate - Coronal - Ansate - Endomarginal - Marginal - Ectomarginal - Suprasylvian (rostr/caud)
50
TELENCEPHALON GYRi and Sulcus Lateral view
``` LATERAL VIEW GYRi: - Frontal - Prorean - Precruciate - Postcruciate - ROSTRAL COMPOSITE - Marginal - Ectomarginal - Suprasylvian (ROSTRAL, MIDLE, CAUDAL) - Ectosylvian (ROSTRAL, MIDLE, CAUDAL) - Sylvian (rostral and caudal) ``` SULCI: - Prorean - Presylvian - Cruciate - Coronal - Ansate - Marginal - Ectomarginal - Suprasylvian (rostral, middle and caudal) - Ectosylvian (rostral, middle and caudal) - Pseudosylvian fissure - Lateral Rhinal sulcus (caudal) OLFACToRY BULB: - lateral rhinal sulcus (rostral) - Piriform Lobe
51
TELENCEPHALON GYRi and sulcus Ventral view
LATERAL VIEW GYRi: - ROSTRAL and caudal COMPOSITE - Prorean (OLFACToRY bulb, lat OLFACToRY tract+tubercle and Piriform Lobe) - Frontal - Diagonal - PARAHYPOCAMPAL - SPLEENIAL - OCCIPiTAL SULCI: - Presylvian lateral - Rhinal sulcus (lateral and caudal limb) - Pseudosylvian fissure - supra splenial - SPLENIAL - Hippocampal OLFACToRY BULB: - lateral rhinal sulcus (caudal) - OLFACToRY Peduncles - endorhinal sulcus - Piriform Lobe
52
TELENCEPHALON GYRi and sulcus Median view
GYRI - Frontal - GENUAL - STRAiGHT - septal region - OLFACToRY bulb - PARAOLFACTORY - PARATERMINAL - GENICULI - SUPRA CALLOSAL - INDUCIUM GRISEUM - GYRUS FASCIOLARIS - CALLOSAL - DENTATE GyRUs TUBERCLE - Occipital - splenial - parahippicampal - CINGULATE CORPUS CALLOSUM Internal capskledde (transected) Rostral commisura SULCI: - Median Rhinal - Ectogenual - GENUAL - Cruciate - CALLOSAL - OLFACToRY bulb - PARAOLFACTORY - Supra splenial - splenial - hippocampal - Piriform Lobe ``` CORPUS CALLOSUM Internal capsule (transected) Rostral commisura OLFACToRY Tubercle OLFACToRY Peduncles OLFACToRY bulb ```
53
TELENCEPHALON | CORPUS STRIATUM
(Basal ggl)( INTERNAL organ of the HEMISPHEREs) = Nucleus Caudatus + Putamen + Claustrum + Corpus amygdaloideum FUNCTION: Reaponsible for producing appropriate direction and magnitude ``` NUCLEUS CAUDATUS = rostral part of FLOOR of lateral ventricle —> Capsula interna PUTAMEN = Lateroventral to Nucl Caudatus —> Capsula Externa CLAUSTRUM = lateral to Putamen, // Visual and LIMBIC System ```
54
TELENCEPHALON | CORPUS CALIOSUM
= Cohesion btw 2 HEMISPHEREs - Truncus Corpori callosi = elongated region —> Splenium = Caudal rounded end —> Genu Corporis callosi = rostral end - Septum Pallucideum = Thin membrane btw the 2 lateral ventricles
55
Organ of OLEFACTION
In the nose! Olefactory mucosa covering : - lateral wall of CONCHA + caudal part of nasal cavity 1. Organum Olefactorius —> Regio Olefactoria Tunica mucosae Nasi = Olefactory mucosa on caudal portions of CONCHA ETHMOIDALIS & Septum Nasi —> Glandulae Olefactoriae = Moistens, wash away previous odorants = Olfactory glands = serous glands - in olfactory epithelium 2. Organum Vomeronasale —> Ductus Vomeronasalis = caudally blind-ending tube of olefactory mucosa. - Associated with OLFACTORY glands 3. OLFACTORY NERVES - Bipolar - From mucosa —> Lamina Cribrosa -> BO
56
OLFACTORY PATHWAY
= Cranial Nerve nr 1! N. OLEFACTORIUS I - Sensory - Numerous NON-MYELINATED AXONS Bodies in OLFACTORY epithelium AXONS —> Cribriform plate —> BO: Synapses - Nervous terminalis: VOMERONASAL organ —> RHINENCEPHALON ``` PATHWAY: Fila olefactoria —> lamina cribrosa —> BO —> Pedunculus Olefactorius —> Tractus Olefactorius —> Lat —> Lobus piriformis —> INT —> Trigonum Olefactorius —> med —> Gyrus Subcallosus ```
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RHINENCEPHALON
= OLFACTORY Brain! = Basal TELENCEPHALON + HIPPOCAMUS + Associated structures paleus + Auchi Pallium ``` 1. Pars BASALIS = Paleopallum —> Olfactory —> Conscious Perception of smell (//Frontal Lobe) ``` - Fila olefactoria *** = nervebundles —> N.OLEFACTORIUS - Bulbus Olefactorius *** - Pedunculus Olefactorius *** Joins BO to HEMISPHEREs - Tractus Olefactorius (lat+med) *** - Trigonum Olefactorium *** Lobus piriformis -> caud to ped. Olf! Tuberculum olf 2. Pars Septalis —> Medial aspect of Hemispheres ``` - Septum Telencephali (pelucidum) *** —> Connects corpus callosum & Fonnix —> Separates Ventriculi laterales - Gyrus paraterminalis - Gyrus diagonalis - Gyrus Subcallosus *** (area subcallosa) ``` 3. Pars Limbica —> NON-olefactory —> EMOTIONAL response - ARCHIPALLIUM - HIPPOCAMPUS *** - Gyrus Supracollosus - Gyrus geniculi - Tuberculum Hyppocampus - FORNIX *** = accurate fibers Hyppocampus —> Corpus Mammilae - Pars Precommissuralis *** = mentioned by ferenc
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RHINENCEPHALON | Pars BASILARIS
PALEOPALLIUM —> separated from NEOPALLIUM by sulcus RHINALIS - FILA OLFACTORIA Olfactory Nerves —> lamina cribrosa —> BO - BULBUS OLEFACTORIUS = most rostral part In FOSSA ETHMOIDALIS Contains mitral cells ++ - PEDUNCULUS OLEFACTORIUS = caud part —> from BO to TRACTUS OLEFACTORIUS LATERATIS —> Lobus Piriformis MEDIALIS —> Commisura rostralis g. Subcallosus - Trigonum Olefactorium + - Substentia Perforata Rostralis = OLFACTORY AREA
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RHOMBENCEPHALON | - Pars LIMBICA/ LIMBIC SYSTEM
= Structures involved in EMOTIONAL BEHAVIOUR 1. Cortical Part: Gyrus Angulus / Cingulum + Lobus Piriformis + Hippocampus ``` 2. Subcortical Part: Habenula + Hypothalamus + Thalamus (Diencephalon) Interpendecular & Tegmental Nuclei (Mesencephalon) + Corpus Amygdaloideum ``` FUNCTION: - Olfactory Input from PIRIFORM LOBE = Visceral motor activities - Emotional Behaviours (fear, agression, pleasure) - Input // Thirst, Hunger, Sexual behaviour
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Pathways of the Brain
ASCENDING - AFFERENT (Sensory) 1. SOMATIC AFFERENT PATHWAY Skin Touch, pressure, vibratory sensation —> Brain Deeper Somatic tissue Thermal sens, pain, kinaestetic sens -> Brain - LEMINISCUS System Conciousness A. TRIGEMINAL pathway B. SPINAL pathway - EXTRA LEMINISCUS system Sense organs A. VISUAL pathway B. VESTIBULAR/AUDITORY pathway
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LEMINISCUS SYSTEM
LEMINISCUS SYSTEM= Most importaint Ascending tract//Conciousness ``` TRIGEMINAL LEMINISCUS - Sensory fibers FROM head! Nucl. sensibilis pontinus n. Trigeminus Nucl. Tractus Spinalis n. Trigeminus Deccusatio of Leminiscus ``` ``` SPINAL LEMINISCUS Medial = Fascicus gracilis (Goll’s Column) Lat= Fasciculus cuneatus Nucleus cuneatus Nucleus gracilis ``` Facies CUNEATUS - Plexus brachialis & Cranial trunk - Plexus lumbosacralis & caudal trunk
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EXTRALEMINISCAL system
- Spinothalmic tract - Proprioceptive info from tendons I neurons — to neurons of DORSAL horns Close to Spinal roots, synapses with interneurons. II neurons — to white matter ventrolat funiculi, synapses in THALAMUS III neurons — thalamus —> Cortex —> Afferent pathway from SENSE ORGANS
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EXTRA LEMINISCAL system | VISUAL pathway
Visual info = light Retina R Optic nerve Optic Chiasma Tractus opticus (Mesoenceph) - Lateral geniculate - optic thalamus - Coliculus roatralis (nuclei of reticular formation, caudate nucleus)—> Reflex ``` Optic radiation (internal capsule) Visual Caleb (occipital Kobe) —> conscious ```
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Vestibular/ Auditory pathway
Vestibular nerves -> majority terminate in vestibular nuclei - Nucl. Vestibularis lat (Deiters) - Nucl. Vestibularis rostralis (Bechtenew) - Nucl. Vestibularis med (Swalbe) = PONS and MO - Nucl. Vestibularis caud (Roller) = Cerebellum COCHLEAR Nerves: synapses in cochlear Nuclei - Nucl. Cochlearis dorsalis - Nucl. Cochlearis Ventralis = lateral to MO
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ASCENDING Pathway
ASCENDING —> CNS *3 neurons 1. light, tactile sensation. GOLL-BURDACH 2. Motor Afferent SC -fasciculus + gracilis cuneatus = Goll burdacu
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EFFERENT - DECEnDINg pathway
SOMATIC EFF pathways: Regulated at 2 levels with CNS 1. Lower motor neurons (LMN) Located within —> Ventral column of grey matter of sp.chord —> Motor Nuclei of Cranial Nerves 2. uPPer motor neurons (UMN) Located in NEOPHALLIUM + red Nucleus of MESENCEPHALON + reticular formation Do not project directly to —> controll activity of LMN - connection btw LMN & UMN - 2 descending patways in close collaberation - Controlled by CEREBELLUM
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PYRAMIDAL SYSTEM
``` Corticospinal tract —> concious - Finelly adjusted movements - interspecial diff way importaint Primates: dup ++ - Damages = PARALYSIS MO lesion —> spinolat side paralysis Cortex lesion —> Centrolat side paralysis ``` Origin of pyramidal FIBeRs: Neophallum(TELENCEPHALON) —> basal Nuclei —> Tractus pyramidalis = 75% deccussatio pyramideum = corticospinal lateral tract —> HL and FL = 25% NON—crossing fibers = corticospinal Ventral tract —> Trunk 3 types of fibers: 1. corticospinal fibers 2. corticobulbar fibers : term in nuclei of cranial nerves 3. Corticopontine fibers: nuclei in pen
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Motor pathways
PYRAMiDAL EXTRAPYRAMIDAL Visceral eff pathways - controlled by hypothalamus SYMPATHETIC - caudal part of hypothalamus UP: BP- heart rate- respiratory rate - dilated pupils DOWN: gut motility - intestinal gland activity PARASYMPATHETIC - roatral part of hypothalamus DOWN: heart rate - resp.rate - pupils constrict UP: gut motility, intestinal secretion, defecation and urination
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Fluid environment
Periosteum Dura mater Arachnoidea Pia Matter Cavum EPIDURALE Cavum SUBDURALE Cavum SUBARACHINOIDALE
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Cavum EPIDURALE
Btw 2 layers of DURA MATTER But only SPINAL CORD -> brain: fusion btw periosteum
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CAVUM SUBDURALE
Btw dura matter & archinoidea
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CAVUM SUBARACHINOIDALE
Btw arachnoidea & Pia matter Enlarged cisterna *4 1. C. Cerebromedullaris: Btw Cerebellum - MO 2. c. Vallecula lay. Cerebri: in vallecula lat cerebri 3. c. Chiasmatis: around chiasma opticus 4. C. Interpesuncularis: in fossa interpesuncularis
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CEREBRO SPiNaL FLUID (CSF)
Clear, colorless fluid ``` FORMATION: - in plexus choroideus - from blood plasma -by ultrafiltration Through blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BBB) - Produced continuously 30mL/h (ca) ``` ``` COMPOSITION: HIGH: [cu2+] [K+] LOW: [Na+][Cl-][Mg2+] Deficiency in GLUCOSE Little proteins //BBB ``` ``` FUNCTION - Mechanical protection of Brain&spinal chord - Chemical buffering capacity —> stabile Mileu - transport of: —> Nutrients —> Waste products —> Neuroendocrine subst —> Neurotransmitters ```
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CIrCUlATION of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
1. Circulates through ventricular system (in brain) —> onwards by - filtration pressure - Ciliary activity of ependymal lining 2. Escapes from interior of brain - by 2 aperture lateralis of IVth ventricle - + apertura Medianus (eq, ca) 3. Bathes brain and spinal chord 4. Returns to blood -> through arachnoid granules that pierse dura matter —> enters dorsal saggital venous system + smaller part of fluid —> to meningeal cuffs around origin of cran & spinal non. —> absorbed by perineal lymph
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VENTRICULAR SYSTEM
- CSF secretion in V. II (lat), III, IV —> appertura lat of IV ``` VENTRICULUS *4 I: Recess of olfactory bulb II= lat. TELENCEPHALON III DIENCEPHALON IV RHOMBENCEPHALON ```
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PLEXUS CHOROIDEUS
= onfolding og blood vessels of PIA MaTTER - covered by epidymal cells —> CSF produces * 2 in lateral ventriculus * 1 in III ventricle * 1 in IV ventricle Supported by TELA CHOROIDEA = ROOF of IV ventricle! Extends int appertura Lateralis (IV v)
Anatomy 3 Final General
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