C6 - CA Intro

Question 1

Although generally used as synonyms for cancer, it simply refers to lump, mass, or swelling; can be a neoplastic mass or accumulation of fluid only.

Answer 1

TUMOR

Question 2

New growth or tumor derived from previously normal cells undergoing neoplastic changes in which its behavior is more or less dependent of the host.

Answer 2

NEOPLASM

• Abnormal type of growth unresponsive to normal growth control mechanism.
• Abnormal mass of tissue that serves no useful purpose and may harm the host organism

Question 2

harmful mass, capable of invasion, metastasis

Answer 2

Malignant

Question 3

harmless; does not spread or invade other tissues.

Answer 3

Benign

Question 3

Benign Growth Patterns:

It is a reversible increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue in response to a specific growth stimulus

Answer 3

Hyperplasia

Question 4

Benign Growth Patterns:

It is an increase in cell size resulting in an increase in organ size

Answer 4

Hypertrophy

Question 5

Benign Growth Patterns:

It is the conversion of one cell type to another cell type not usually found in the involved tissue

Answer 5

Metaplasia

Question 6

He was the first to describe it as being crab-like in nature

Answer 6

Galen

Question 6

Medical specialty that deals with diagnosis, treatment and study of cancer.

Answer 6

ONCOLOGY

Question 6

Benign Growth Patterns:

It is characterized by abnormal changes in the size, shape, or organization of cells

Answer 6

Dysplasia

Question 6

Malignant neoplasm

Answer 6

CANCER

originated from the Latin word CANCRE ( crab ) because it stretch out in many directions like crab legs

Question 7

He coined the word carcinoma (tumor that spreads and destroys the host)

Answer 7

Hippocrates

Question 8

Physician who specializes in cancer therapy.

Answer 8

ONCOLOGIST

Question 9

INCIDENCE OF CANCER

Cancer is the ____(rank)____ leading cause of death in the U.S. and the ___(rank)___ leading cause in the
Philippines.

Answer 9

2nd; 5th

Question 10

Cancer Incidence by Site in MEN

Answer 10

• Prostate
• Lung
• Colon and rectum

Question 11

Cancer Incidence by Site in WOMEN

Answer 11

• Breast
• Colon & rectum
• Lung

Question 12

Leading Cause of Death by Site in MEN

Answer 12

• Lung
• Colon & rectum
• Prostate

Question 13

Leading Cause of Death by Site in WOMEN

Answer 13

• Lung
• Breast
• Colon & rectum

Question 13

These lifestyle behaviors can cause changes in cancer rates.

Answer 13

• smoking
• alcohol intake
• multiple sex partners

Question 13

Term when Normal cells respect the boundaries and territories of cells surrounding them. They will not invade the territory that is not their own.

Answer 13

Contact inhibition

Question 14

• The process by which cells divide and reproduce.
• It is an inherent adaptive mechanism of replacing body cells when old cells die or additional cells are needed

Answer 14

CELL PROLIFERATION

Question 15

Cellular proliferation is controlled by intracellular mechanism:

Under normal conditions, a state of ________ equilibrium is constantly maintained (cellular proliferation = cellular degeneration/death)

Answer 15

dynamic

is constantly maintained (cellular proliferation = cellular degeneration/death). Cellular proliferation is activated only in the process of cellular death or if the body has a physiologic need for more cells (WBC is increased – infection)

Question 16

normally stop dividing when growth ceases but6 capable of undergoing regeneration with appropriate stimuli

E.g. hepatocytes - In hepatitis, there is selective destruction of parenchymal liver cells — generation of injured cells

Answer 16

Stable cells

Question 16

CELL DIFFERENTIATION:

No longer capable of undergoing mitosis. They look and act like the parent cell or cell of origin.

Answer 16

Well differentiated cells

Question 16

* Continue to divide and replicate throughout life, replacing cells that are continually being destroyed. * Can be found in tissues that have a daily turn over of cells. ## Footnote E.g. surface epithelium cells of skin, oral cavity, vagina, cervix; columnar epithelium of GIT, uterus, fallopian tube; transitional epithelium of urinary tract; bone marrow cells

Answer 16

Labile Cells

Question 16

* Can’t regenerate and can’t undergo mitosis * Once destroyed, they are replaced with fibrous scar tissue that lacks functional characteristics of destroyed tissue. ## Footnote E.g. nerve cells and myocardial cells

Answer 16

Permanent/fixed cells

Question 17

* The process of specialization whereby new cells acquire the structure and functions of the cells they replace. * The more specialized the cell, the lesser is the ability to reproduce or undergo mitosis

Answer 17

CELL DIFFERENTIATION

Question 17

# **CELL DIFFERENTIATION:** It remains incompletely differentiated throughout lifespan.

Answer 17

Stem Cells (Undifferentiated stem cell)

Question 17

# **CELL DIFFERENTIATION:** They continue to divide and bear they offspring. But it has a limited capacity; it can produce only a single type of cell

Answer 17

Progenitor/parent cells

Question 18

* Interval between each cell division; it regulates the duplication of genetic information * Begins when cell is produced through division of the parent cell and ends when cell dies or when cell divides to produce offspring/daughter cell.

Answer 18

CELL CYCLE

Question 18

Phases of Cell Cycle

Answer 18

1. G1 (Gap 1) / Post mitotic phase 2. S (synthesis) 3. G2 (Gap 2)/Pre mitotic phase 4. Mitosis

Question 19

# **Phase of Cell Cycle:** Time interval after the formation of cell; precedes DNA synthesis

Answer 19

G1 (Gap 1) / Post mitotic phase

Question 20

# **Phase of Cell Cycle:** Process of cell division to give rise to two daughter cells

Answer 20

Mitosis

Question 20

# **Phase of Cell Cycle:** Time interval after DNA replication and before mitosis

Answer 20

G2 (Gap 2)/Pre mitotic phase

Question 21

# **Phase of Cell Cycle:** DNA replication or synthesis – to duplicate (2 daughter cells --- 2 chromosomes, 1 each daughter cell)

Answer 21

S (synthesis)

Question 22

it is where inactive cells go ---reenters cell cycle in response to extracellular nutrients, GF, hormones, blood loss, tissue injury --- cell renewal

Answer 22

**G0** – Resting phase ## Footnote Non – dividing permanent cells, neurons exit the cell cycle and unable to undergo further cell division

Question 22

Cancer cells develop as a result of genetic alteration from one or more causes, resulting in uncontrolled cellular reproduction and growth. When a defective cell divides, the new cell contains the defective genetic code within the DNA. Overtime, defective genes divide and multiply and the malignancy grows

Answer 22

CELLULAR TRANSFORMATION AND DERANGEMENT THEORY