Cardiac function chapter 26

Question 1

upper chambers

Answer 1

atria

Question 2

lower chambers

Answer 2

ventricles

Question 3

• thicker muscle

- higher pressure because it must pump blood to all of the body tissues

Answer 3

left side

Question 4

serves the lower-resistance pulmonary system

Answer 4

right side

Question 5

period when the ventricles contract and eject blood.

Answer 5

systole

Question 6

• the period between contractions

- twice as long as systole, allows the heart muscle to relax and its chambers to fill with blood.

Answer 6

diastole

Question 7

uses potassium, sodium, and calcium to generate a electrical impulse that determines the rate at which the heart beats. It is called the “pacemaker” of the heart.

Answer 7

SA node

Question 8

-refers to the amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute.
-approximately 3.5-8 L per minute.
=Heart Rate x Stroke Volume

Answer 8

Cardiac output

Question 9

the number of times the heart beats each minute

Answer 9

Heart rate

Question 10

refers to the amount of blood the heart ejects with each beat

Answer 10

stroke volume

Question 11

normal rate of newborn 130-160 bpm and rhythm is commonly irregular.
HR of less than 100 is cause for concern.
-in infant 80-150 bpm
-blood pressure is not routinely assessed but the systolic is in the low 40’s in newborns and 80-90 by 1 months

Answer 11

newborns and infants

Question 12

• 70-110 bpm.
• After age 3 BP should be assessed if the childs BP is above the 95 percentile a follow-up evaluation should be done for HTN.

Answer 12

toddler and preschooler

Question 13

• boys have slightly higher BP than girls
• by age 19 the BP should have stabilized
• 120/80, 60-80 bpm

Answer 13

child and adolescent

Question 14

• likely to experience calcification, fatty degeneration and diminished elasticity of the blood vessels.
• BP and HR may be slightly higher.

Answer 14

adult and older adult

Question 15

factors that cannot be altered such as age, gender and heredity.

Answer 15

non-modifiable risk factors

Question 16

factor that can be altered such as smoking, diet, inactivity, diabetes, stress.

Answer 16

modifiable risk factors

Question 17

• most commonly occurs in individuals who are middle-aged, overweight or obese, and live a sedentary lifestyle.
• Can also be caused by changes in sodium excretion in the kidneys or in changes in calcium absorption.

Answer 17

hypertension

Question 18

a genetic metabolic disorder involving diabetes, HTN, atherosclerosis, centrally distributed obesity, and elevated blood lipids.

Answer 18

metabolic syndrome (syndrome X)

Question 19

a decrease in blood flow where portions of the heart muscle can die

Answer 19

(MI) Myocardial infarction

Question 20

is an insufficient supply of blood to an organ, usually due to a blocked artery.
-manifestations include pain and organ dysfunction,

Answer 20

ischemia

Question 21

limb pain caused by poor blood flow.

Answer 21

intermittent claudication

Question 22

a temporary decreases in blood flow to the brain caused by thrombi, atherosclerosis, or cerebral hemorrhage.
-brief disturbances of speech, vision, and mobility; confusion, and numbness on one half of the body.

Answer 22

TIA (transient ischemic attack)

Question 23

complete lack of blood flow to specific areas of the brain causes tissue infarction.

Answer 23

stroke (CVA)

Question 24

myoglobin, CK-MB, troponin. BNP is another lab that is used to diagnose heart failure.
- these are drawn when there is a suspected MI.

Answer 24

cardiac biomarkers

Question 25

uses radiopaque dye to outline blood vessels and to confirm or rule out vessel blockage. This technique is used to detect aneurysms.

Answer 25

angiography

Question 26

An invasive procedure used to determine precise information concerning valve function and cardiac muscle strength

Answer 26

cardiac catheterization

Question 27

is a measurement of the percentage of blood leaving your heart each time it contracts. - Usually only measured in the left ventricle. - 55-70% is normal.

Answer 27

ejection fraction

Question 28

improve venous return in the immobile patient by stimulating the venous plantar plexus.

Answer 28

impulse foot pump

Question 29

- sit patient up, 12 lead ekg, oxygen, bed rest, and sublingual nitroglycerine

Answer 29

treatment of chest pain

Question 30

a condition described as a weakening and out pouching of the aortic vessel. The Pt. is at risk for bleeding if the vessel ruptures.

Answer 30

AA ( arotic aneurysm)

Question 31

SA node> AV node> Bundle of his> Right and left bundle fibers> purkinje fibers

Answer 31

Conduction

Question 32

Causes the S1 Lub sound signals the beginning of systole

Answer 32

Closure of mitral and tricuspid valves

Question 33

causes the S2 Dub sound and marks the beginning of diastole

Answer 33

closure of aortic and pulmonic valves

Question 34

normal range is (70-110) at least 60 needed for kidneys to be perfused

Answer 34

(MAP) mean arterial pressure

Question 35

Early signs- sudden, severe abdominal or back pain Late signs- shock, pulsatile abdominal mass can be genetic

Answer 35

AAA ( Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm)