Human Anatomy > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the main components of the cardiovascular system?

A
  • Heart
  • Blood vessels
  • Blood

The lymphatic system is often included as part of the cardiovascular system.

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2
Q

What is the function of the heart in the cardiovascular system?

A

The pump that pushes blood through the blood vessels

The heart consists of two pumps: the right side for deoxygenated blood and the left side for oxygenated blood.

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3
Q

What type of blood does the right side of the heart receive?

A

Deoxygenated (blue) blood

This blood is pushed to the lungs for oxygenation.

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4
Q

What type of blood does the left side of the heart receive?

A

Oxygenated (red) blood

This blood is pushed through the systemic blood vessels out to the body.

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5
Q

How many chambers does the heart have?

A

Four chambers

Each pump is composed of two chambers: atria and ventricles.

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6
Q

What are the atria in the heart?

A

The reception rooms receiving blood returning to the heart

Blood flows from the atria into the ventricles through one-way valves.

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7
Q

What are the ventricles responsible for?

A

Propelling blood out of the heart

The ventricles are highly muscular structures that push blood through one-way valves into the arteries.

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8
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

The cardiac muscle that composes the walls of the heart

The walls of the ventricles are thicker than those of the atria.

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9
Q

What ensures that blood flows in one direction in the heart?

A

Valves located at the entry and exit of the ventricles

These valves prevent backflow of blood.

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10
Q

What is the role of blood in the body?

A
  • Transport nutrients
  • Carry oxygen
  • Remove metabolic wastes
  • Transmit hormones
  • Support immune system
  • Regulate heat, fluid volume, electrolyte concentration, and pH

Blood is a major player in the maintenance of homeostasis.

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11
Q

True or false: Arteries always carry oxygenated blood.

A

FALSE

Arteries carry blood away from the heart, which may be oxygenated or deoxygenated.

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12
Q

True or false: Veins always carry deoxygenated blood.

A

FALSE

Veins carry blood to the heart, which may be oxygenated or deoxygenated.

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13
Q

What is the composition of plasma in blood?

A
  • Water (92%)
  • Dissolved proteins (8%)

Plasma makes up approximately 55% of the volume of blood.

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14
Q

Name the three major protein types dissolved in plasma.

A
  • Albumins (60%)
  • Globulins (36%)
  • Fibrinogens (4%)

Plasma without clotting proteins is called serum.

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15
Q

What percentage of blood volume do formed elements make up?

A

About 45%

This is also referred to as packed cell volume (PCV) or hematocrit (Hct).

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16
Q

What are erythrocytes commonly known as?

A

Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

RBCs are non-nucleated biconcave disks about eight micrometers in diameter.

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17
Q

What gives RBCs their color when oxygenated?

A

Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin makes up about 34% of the volume of an RBC.

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18
Q

What is the normal range of RBCs per cubic millimeter for males?

A

5-6 x 10/mm3

For females, the range is 4.5-5.5 x 10/mm3.

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19
Q

What is the lifespan of RBCs?

A

About 120 days

RBCs are continuously produced in the red bone marrow.

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20
Q

What is the role of the reticuloendothelial system?

A

Removing old and damaged red blood cells

As RBCs age, they become less flexible and break easily.

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21
Q

What are leukocytes commonly known as?

A

White Blood Cells (WBCs)

They make up less than 1% of the total PCV of the blood.

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22
Q

What is the normal range of WBCs per cubic millimeter?

A

5000-10,000

There are five different types of white blood cells.

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23
Q

What are the two categories of white blood cells based on granules?

A
  • Granulocytes
  • Agranulocytes

Granulocytes have visible granules in their cytoplasm.

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24
Q

What percentage of WBCs do neutrophils comprise?

A

About 60-65%

Neutrophils are general phagocytic white blood cells.

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25
What is the diameter range of **neutrophils**?
10-13 um ## Footnote Neutrophils can be recognized by their multilobed nucleus and staining properties.
26
What are the **two main categories** of white blood cells?
* Granulocytes * Agranulocytes ## Footnote Granulocytes contain visible granules in their cytoplasm, while agranulocytes do not.
27
What percentage of all white blood cells do **eosinophils** make up?
2-5% ## Footnote Eosinophils are important in combating parasitic infections and in removing antigen-antibody complexes associated with allergies.
28
What is the diameter range of **eosinophils**?
10-12 um ## Footnote Eosinophils contain large bright red staining granules and have a bilobed nucleus.
29
What is the function of **basophils** in the inflammatory response?
* Release histamine (causes vasodilation) * Release heparin (increases capillary permeability) ## Footnote Basophils are the rarest white blood cells, making up less than 1% of all WBCs.
30
What are the two types of **lymphocytes** based on their function?
* T-Lymphocytes * B-Lymphocytes ## Footnote T-Lymphocytes are involved in cell-mediated immunity, while B-Lymphocytes are involved in humoral immunity.
31
What is the diameter range of **monocytes**?
15-20 um ## Footnote Monocytes make up about 3-8% of all white blood cells and form macrophages.
32
What are the identifying features to look for in white blood cells? List them.
* Size of cell (compare to RBC) * Nucleus (shape) * Amount of cytoplasm * Granules in cytoplasm * Color ## Footnote These features help differentiate between various types of white blood cells.
33
True or false: **Agranulocytes** have distinctly lobed nuclei.
FALSE ## Footnote Agranulocytes lack visible cytoplasmic granules and do not have distinctly lobed nuclei.
34
What type of immunity is associated with **T-Lymphocytes**?
Cell-mediated immunity ## Footnote T-Lymphocytes directly attack foreign and/or altered cells.
35
What type of immunity is associated with **B-Lymphocytes**?
Humoral immunity ## Footnote B-Lymphocytes transform into plasma cells that produce antibodies.
36
What are **platelets**?
Membrane enclosed fragments of the cytoplasm from megakaryocytes in the bone marrow ## Footnote Platelets play an important role in hemostasis (the prevention of blood loss).
37
Where does the **heart** lie?
In the mediastinum just under the sternum, between the left and right lungs ## Footnote The heart's apex is oriented slightly to the left.
38
What is the **base of the heart**?
The top part where the great blood vessels enter and exit ## Footnote The more muscular ventricular mass forms an inferiorly oriented cone.
39
What is the **apex of the heart**?
The point of the heart, oriented slightly to the left ## Footnote The average angle is 59° from the horizontal.
40
What composes the **bulk of the heart**?
Cardiac muscle, known as the myocardium ## Footnote Myocardium cells are striated, branched, and uninucleated.
41
What is a **functional syncytium**?
A collective functioning unit of cardiac muscle cells ## Footnote This allows the heart to contract simultaneously.
42
What is the **pericardium**?
The serous membrane enclosing the heart ## Footnote It consists of parietal and visceral layers.
43
What is the **parietal pericardium**?
The portion of the pericardial sac farthest from the heart wall ## Footnote It forms the outer layer of the pericardium.
44
What is the **visceral pericardium** (epicardium)?
The layer continuous with the parietal pericardium, affixed to the heart wall ## Footnote It is the inner layer of the pericardium.
45
What is the **pericardial cavity**?
The space between the parietal and visceral pericardium filled with serous fluid ## Footnote This fluid reduces friction during heartbeats.
46
What is the **myocardium**?
The muscle layer of the heart walls ## Footnote It is responsible for the heart's contraction.
47
What is the **endocardium**?
The inner simple squamous epithelial lining of the heart ## Footnote It prevents fluid leakage and is continuous with the endothelium of blood vessels.
48
What is the **fibrous skeleton** of the heart?
Connective tissue (collagen and elastin) that supports the myocardium ## Footnote It is particularly prominent at the boundary between the atria and ventricles.
49
What are the **two parts** of the heart's structure mentioned?
* base * apex ## Footnote The base is where all the great blood vessels attach, while the apex is the leftward pointing tip formed by the ventricles.
50
What are the **flap-like structures** at the margins of the atria called?
auricles ## Footnote Auricles are extensions of the atria.
51
What is the **atrioventricular sulcus** also known as?
coronary sulcus ## Footnote It is the groove between the atria and the ventricles.
52
What lies in the **right atrioventricular sulcus**?
right coronary artery ## Footnote This artery lies between the right atrium and right ventricle.
53
What are the **two types** of interventricular sulcus?
* anterior interventricular sulcus * posterior interventricular sulcus ## Footnote These are shallow fat-filled depressions between the two ventricles.
54
What are the **highly muscular chambers** of the heart below the atria called?
ventricles ## Footnote They are responsible for pumping blood out of the heart.
55
What is the **major artery** that carries blood out to the body?
aorta ## Footnote It is responsible for systemic circulation.
56
What are the **two major veins** that return blood to the heart?
* superior vena cava * inferior vena cava ## Footnote These veins carry deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart.
57
What is the **pulmonary trunk**?
a short blood vessel containing deoxygenated blood ## Footnote It delivers blood to the pulmonary arteries.
58
What do the **pulmonary arteries** carry?
deoxygenated blood ## Footnote They deliver blood to the pulmonary circulation and capillaries of the lungs for oxygenation.
59
What connects the **left pulmonary artery** and the aorta?
ligamentum arteriosum ## Footnote It is a remnant of the fetal ductus arteriosus.
60
How many **pulmonary veins** return oxygenated blood to the heart?
4 ## Footnote There are 2 pulmonary veins from each lung.
61
What do the **coronary arteries** supply?
oxygenated blood to the heart muscle ## Footnote They are crucial for the heart's own blood supply.
62
What branches does the **right coronary artery** form?
* marginal artery * posterior interventricular artery ## Footnote These branches supply different areas of the heart.
63
What are the branches of the **left coronary artery**?
* anterior interventricular artery * circumflex artery ## Footnote These branches supply the left side of the heart.
64
What do the **coronary veins** parallel?
the coronary arteries ## Footnote They collect deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle.
65
What is the **great cardiac vein** associated with?
anterior interventricular and circumflex arteries ## Footnote It collects blood from the areas supplied by these arteries.
66
Where do all the coronary veins converge?
coronary sinus ## Footnote The coronary sinus is an enlarged collection vessel located posteriorly.
67
What is the **posterior left atrioventricular sulcus** also known as?
coronary sulcus ## Footnote It drains directly into the right atrium.
68
Name the **components of the Right Atrium**.
* superior vena cava * inferior vena cava * coronary sinus (opening) * sinoatrial (SA) node * atrioventricular (AV) node * fossa ovale ## Footnote The coronary sinus is where blood from the coronary circuit returns to the heart.
69
What is the function of the **sinoatrial (SA) node**?
The 'master pacemaker' ## Footnote It is located in the posterior wall near the opening of the superior vena cava.
70
What does the **atrioventricular (AV) node** do?
Acts as the ventricular pacemaker ## Footnote It is slaved to the SA node and located in the floor of the right atria near the septum.
71
What is the **fossa ovale**?
A depression in the interatrial septum ## Footnote It is a remnant of the foramen ovale, a normal hole in the fetal heart.
72
What is the **tricuspid valve** also known as?
Right atrioventricular valve (RAV) ## Footnote It closes during contraction of the ventricles to prevent backflow into the atria.
73
What prevents the **tricuspid valve** from opening backwards during systole?
* chordae tendineae * papillary muscles ## Footnote The chordae tendineae are fine tendons attached to the valve flaps and muscular projections of the ventricular wall.
74
What are the **trabeculae carneae**?
Folds and ridges of the myocardium lining the ventricle ## Footnote They contribute to the structure of the ventricle.
75
What is the function of the **pulmonary semilunar valve**?
Prevents backflow from the pulmonary trunk ## Footnote It opens when the ventricle contracts, allowing blood to flow into the pulmonary trunk and arteries.
76
How many **pulmonary veins** enter the left atrium?
4 ## Footnote Blood from each lung enters the atrium posteriorly through two left and two right pulmonary veins.
77
What is the **bicuspid valve** also known as?
mitral valve ## Footnote The bicuspid valve, or left atrioventricular (LAV) valve, prevents backflow of blood into the atria during systole.
78
What is the function of the **aortic semilunar valve**?
Guards the opening to the aorta ## Footnote It opens only when the left ventricular pressure is sufficient to push it open.
79
What do the **coronary arteries** supply?
Myocardium ## Footnote These arteries branch off the aorta just past the aortic valve.
80
What is the **interventricular septum**?
The common wall separating the left and right ventricles ## Footnote It plays a crucial role in the structure of the heart.
81
What are the **trabeculae carneae**?
Muscular ridges in the ventricles ## Footnote They are present in both the left and right ventricles.
82
What are **chordae tendineae**?
Tendinous cords that connect the papillary muscles to the bicuspid valve ## Footnote They help prevent the valve from inverting.
83
What is the appearance of the **bicuspid valve** compared to?
A bishop's hat called a miter ## Footnote This is due to its two flaps (cusps).
84
What is the **aorta**?
The single large artery leaving the left side of the heart ## Footnote It carries all the blood that is to be delivered to the body.
85
What is the **conduction system** of the heart responsible for?
Coordination of the heart through gap junctions and an intrinsic control system ## Footnote The conduction system is composed of specialized muscle cells, not neurons.
86
What does **intrinsic** mean in the context of the heart's conduction system?
Within ## Footnote Refers to the internal control mechanisms of the heart.
87
What is the role of the **Sinoatrial (SA) Node**?
Regularly and spontaneously depolarizes to generate action potentials ## Footnote This leads to the excitation of the heart and results in a contraction (heartbeat).
88
What triggers the **Atrioventricular (AV) Node**?
Triggered by the SA node ## Footnote The AV node then triggers the ventricles.
89
Describe the pathway of the action potential from the **AV node**.
Conducted down through the interventricular septum via the AV bundle (bundle of His) ## Footnote The AV bundle divides into the left and right bundle branches.
90
What are **Purkinje fibers** responsible for?
Delivering the stimulus for the myocardium to contract ## Footnote They branch off from the bundle branches within the walls of the ventricles.
91
True or false: The conduction system of the heart is part of the **nervous system**.
FALSE ## Footnote The conduction system is composed of specialized muscle cells, not neurons.
92
What ensures that the **ventricles** contract as a unit?
Rapid conduction through the conduction system ## Footnote This results in a characteristic pattern of contraction almost simultaneously.
93
What is the **driving force** behind the movement of blood through the blood vessels?
The rhythmic pumping of the heart ## Footnote This process is initiated by the spontaneous activity of the SA node.
94
What is the role of the **SA node** in the heart?
It is the master pacemaker that initiates the heart's rhythmic contractions ## Footnote The SA node is located in the posterior wall of the right atrium.
95
What are the **two phases** of the cardiac cycle?
* Systolic phase * Diastolic phase ## Footnote The heart is primarily in diastole during the majority of the cardiac cycle.
96
During **diastole**, what happens in the heart?
Blood flows into the atria and ventricles ## Footnote The atrioventricular valves are open during diastole.
97
What triggers **ventricular systole**?
Contraction of the ventricles due to increased pressure ## Footnote This phase almost completely empties the ventricles.
98
What is the **function** of the AV node?
It relays the electrical impulse from the SA node to the ventricles ## Footnote The AV node is crucial for coordinating heart contractions.
99
What does an **electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG)** record?
The electrical activity of the heart ## Footnote It does not record the contraction cycle of the heart.
100
What are the **two nervous systems** that regulate heart rate?
* Sympathetic nervous system (accelerates heart) * Parasympathetic nervous system (slows heart) ## Footnote Changes in heart rate and rhythm occur based on the demand for blood flow.
101
What does the **P wave** on an EKG represent?
The spread of depolarization from the SA node through the atria ## Footnote It is the first wave on the EKG.
102
What does the **QRS wave** on an EKG represent?
Depolarization of the AV node and spread of depolarization through the ventricles ## Footnote It appears as a large sharp wave on the EKG.
103
What does the **T wave** on an EKG represent?
Repolarization of the ventricles ## Footnote It is often a large rounded wave following the QRS wave.
104
True or false: An EKG is a recording of the **contraction cycle** of the heart.
FALSE ## Footnote An EKG records electrical activity, not the contraction cycle.
105
What are the **two trees** that make up the vascular tree?
* Arterial tree * Venous tree ## Footnote The vascular tree consists of all blood vessels in the body.
106
What is the **largest artery** in the body?
Aorta ## Footnote The aorta forms the trunk of the arterial tree.
107
What are the **small arteries** that branch off the aorta called?
Arterioles ## Footnote Arterioles branch to form the smallest blood vessels, the capillaries.
108
What is the primary function of **capillaries**?
Site of exchange ## Footnote Capillaries allow diffusion to occur between the blood and interstitial fluids.
109
What do capillaries converge to form?
* Venules * Veins ## Footnote These larger vessels carry blood back to the heart.
110
What is the **pulmonary circuit** responsible for?
Carrying deoxygenated blood to the lungs ## Footnote The pulmonary circuit consists of pulmonary arteries and veins.
111
What does the **systemic circuit** consist of?
* Arteries carrying oxygenated blood * Subset circulatory paths (e.g., coronary & cerebral circuits) ## Footnote The systemic circuit delivers oxygenated blood to the entire body.
112
What is the function of the **hepatic portal system**?
Routes venous blood from GI tract to liver ## Footnote It links two capillary beds via a portal vein.
113
What are the **three layers** of blood vessels (except capillaries)?
* Tunica Intima (Interna) * Tunica Media * Tunica Externa (adventitia) ## Footnote These layers provide structure and function to blood vessels.
114
What is the **Tunica Intima** composed of?
* Simple squamous epithelium (endothelium) * Elastic connective tissue (inner elastic membrane) ## Footnote This layer lines the lumen of blood vessels.
115
What is the function of the **Tunica Media**?
Circular smooth muscle layer that constricts the vessel ## Footnote This layer is responsible for vasoconstriction.
116
What is the **Tunica Externa** made of?
Thick collagenous connective tissue ## Footnote It forms a sheath surrounding the blood vessel and anchors it to adjacent structures.
117
True or false: **Arteries** transport blood under low pressure.
FALSE ## Footnote Arteries transport blood under high pressure, requiring thick muscular walls.
118
What allows **arteries** to expand and recoil as blood is ejected into them?
Extensive elastic connective tissue ## Footnote This property aids in the propulsion of blood.
119
What are the **three types of blood vessels** in the cardiovascular system?
* Arteries * Capillaries * Veins ## Footnote Each type of blood vessel has distinct structures and functions in the circulatory system.
120
Arteries are described as **resistance vessels** because they regulate _______.
blood flow ## Footnote Contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle in the tunica media causes vasoconstriction and vasodilation.
121
Capillaries are described as **exchange vessels** because they allow for _______.
material movement between blood and interstitial fluid ## Footnote Capillaries are composed entirely of simple squamous epithelium, allowing for thin walls.
122
Veins are referred to as **capacitance vessels** because they can hold _______.
over 60% of the total blood volume ## Footnote Veins have thinner walls than arteries and larger diameters.
123
True or false: Veins have valves to prevent the back flow of blood.
TRUE ## Footnote Valves are most prevalent in veins of the extremities and prevent back flow due to low pressure.
124
What is the **pulmonary trunk**?
The large artery exiting the right ventricle carrying deoxygenated blood ## Footnote It is part of the pulmonary circuit.
125
Name the **major branches of the aorta**.
* Coronary arteries * Brachiocephalic artery * Left common carotid artery ## Footnote The aorta is the largest artery in the body, supplying blood to the systemic circuit.
126
The **brachiocephalic artery** branches into which two arteries?
* Right subclavian artery * Right common carotid artery ## Footnote It is the first large branch off of the aorta.
127
The **common carotid artery** branches into which two arteries?
* Internal carotid artery * External carotid artery ## Footnote The common carotid artery is the first of three vessels with the same name.
128
The **aorta** is divided into which three sections?
* Ascending aorta * Aortic arch * Descending aorta ## Footnote All blood flowing to the body passes through the aorta.
129
What is the **internal carotid artery** responsible for?
Supplies the brain ## Footnote Enters the skull through the carotid canal and contains the carotid sinus with baroreceptors for blood pressure regulation.
130
What does the **external carotid artery** supply?
Structures outside the skull ## Footnote It does not enter the skull.
131
What is the **third major branch** of the aorta that supplies the left arm?
Left subclavian artery ## Footnote Passes under the clavicle and becomes the axillary artery.
132
What do the **vertebral arteries** fuse to form?
Basilar artery ## Footnote They pass through the cervical vertebrae and supply the brain via the circle of Willis.
133
What is the **brachial artery** a branch of?
Axillary artery ## Footnote It passes along the medial side of the humerus and branches into the radial and ulnar arteries at the elbow.
134
What are the two arteries that the **brachial artery** branches into at the elbow?
* Radial artery * Ulnar artery ## Footnote Named for the bones they accompany.
135
What are the **palmar arches**?
Junction between the distal ends of the radial and ulnar arteries ## Footnote They supply the digits through radiating branches called digital arteries.
136
Why is **cerebral circulation** critical for survival?
Blood flow to the brain must be maintained ## Footnote No other organ is as dependent on a constant supply of blood.
137
What ensures adequate **blood flow (perfusion)** to the brain?
Multiple pathways for blood to get to the brain ## Footnote A circular arrangement of blood vessels at the base of the brain allows blood from either side of the neck to reach both sides of the brain.
138
What is the **basilar artery** formed from?
The two vertebral arteries ## Footnote It plays a key role in supplying blood to the brain.
139
What do the **internal carotid arteries** transport blood to?
The circle of Willis ## Footnote They continue past the circle of Willis as the middle cerebral arteries.
140
What is the **Circle of Willis**?
A loop of blood vessels around the optic chiasm ## Footnote It provides collateral circulation to the brain.
141
What does the **anterior communicating artery** link?
The anterior cerebral arteries ## Footnote It connects at the point where they turn anteriorly.
142
What do the **anterior cerebral arteries** supply?
The frontal lobes (anterior cerebrum) ## Footnote They pass anteriorly to fulfill this function.
143
What are the **middle cerebral arteries** a continuation of?
The internal carotid arteries ## Footnote They supply the mid-cerebrum.
144
What do the **posterior communicating arteries** link?
The posterior cerebral arteries to the middle cerebral/internal carotid arteries ## Footnote They form the posterior portion of the circle of Willis.
145
What do the **posterior cerebral arteries** supply?
The posterior cerebrum ## Footnote They are lateral branches of the basilar artery.
146
What is the **descending aorta** also known as?
aorta ## Footnote It is the main artery that carries blood from the heart down through the body.
147
What does the **celiac artery** supply?
* Liver (hepatic branch) * Stomach (gastric branch) * Spleen & pancreas (splenic branch) ## Footnote The celiac artery is a major branch of the aorta that supplies blood to several abdominal organs.
148
What is the function of the **superior mesenteric artery**?
Supplies the upper mesentery and portions of the intestines ## Footnote It is an anteriorly oriented branch of the aorta located just below the celiac artery.
149
What do the **adrenal arteries** supply?
Adrenal glands ## Footnote These arteries are small and often difficult to locate.
150
What percentage of the blood pumped by the heart passes through the **renal arteries**?
As much as 1/4 ## Footnote The renal arteries are large arteries that supply blood to the kidneys.
151
What do the **gonadal arteries** supply?
Gonads (spermatic / ovarian) ## Footnote These arteries are located inferiorly below the renal arteries.
152
What does the **inferior mesenteric artery** supply?
Lower mesentery and portions of the intestines ## Footnote It is an anteriorly oriented branch of the aorta located just above its bifurcation.
153
What are the **common iliac arteries** formed from?
Bifurcation of the aorta ## Footnote They supply each leg and branch into internal and external iliac arteries.
154
What do the **external iliac arteries** supply?
Lower extremity ## Footnote They are larger branches of the common iliac arteries and branch to form the femoral arteries.
155
What do the **internal iliac (hypogastric) arteries** supply?
Pelvic cavity walls and contents ## Footnote They branch medially off of the common iliac arteries.
156
Where does the **femoral artery** run?
Along the medial side of the femur ## Footnote It is formed from the external iliac arteries and has a deep artery branch.
157
What is the name of the **femoral artery** when it passes behind the knee?
Popliteal artery ## Footnote This occurs in the popliteal fossa.
158
What are the **anterior and posterior tibial arteries** branches of?
Popliteal artery ## Footnote They run parallel to the tibia.
159
What is the **dorsalis pedis artery** a branch of?
Anterior tibial artery ## Footnote It can be felt as a weak pulse over the top of the foot.
160
What is the **descending aorta** also known as?
aorta ## Footnote It is the main artery that carries blood from the heart down through the body.
161
What does the **celiac artery** supply?
* Liver (hepatic branch) * Stomach (gastric branch) * Spleen & pancreas (splenic branch) ## Footnote The celiac artery is a major branch of the aorta that supplies blood to several abdominal organs.
162
What is the function of the **superior mesenteric artery**?
Supplies the upper mesentery and portions of the intestines ## Footnote It is an anteriorly oriented branch of the aorta located just below the celiac artery.
163
What do the **adrenal arteries** supply?
Adrenal glands ## Footnote These arteries are small and often difficult to locate.
164
What percentage of the blood pumped by the heart passes through the **renal arteries**?
As much as 1/4 ## Footnote The renal arteries are large arteries that supply blood to the kidneys.
165
What do the **gonadal arteries** supply?
Gonads (spermatic / ovarian) ## Footnote These arteries are located inferiorly below the renal arteries.
166
What does the **inferior mesenteric artery** supply?
Lower mesentery and portions of the intestines ## Footnote It is an anteriorly oriented branch of the aorta located just above its bifurcation.
167
What are the **common iliac arteries** formed from?
Bifurcation of the aorta ## Footnote They supply each leg and branch into internal and external iliac arteries.
168
What do the **external iliac arteries** supply?
Lower extremity ## Footnote They are larger branches of the common iliac arteries and branch to form the femoral arteries.
169
What do the **internal iliac (hypogastric) arteries** supply?
Pelvic cavity walls and contents ## Footnote They branch medially off of the common iliac arteries.
170
Where does the **femoral artery** run?
Along the medial side of the femur ## Footnote It is formed from the external iliac arteries and has a deep artery branch.
171
What is the name of the **femoral artery** when it passes behind the knee?
Popliteal artery ## Footnote This occurs in the popliteal fossa.
172
What are the **anterior and posterior tibial arteries** branches of?
Popliteal artery ## Footnote They run parallel to the tibia.
173
What is the **dorsalis pedis artery** a branch of?
Anterior tibial artery ## Footnote It can be felt as a weak pulse over the top of the foot.
174
What is the **inferior vena cava** responsible for?
Draining blood from the lower body back to the heart ## Footnote It is a major vein located below the diaphragm.
175
What do the **hepatic veins** transport?
Blood from the liver to the inferior vena cava ## Footnote They are anatomically in a parallel position to the celiac artery.
176
What are the **adrenal veins** also known as?
Suprarenal veins ## Footnote They run parallel to the adrenal arteries.
177
What do the **renal veins** drain?
Filtered blood back into circulation ## Footnote They run parallel to the renal arteries.
178
The **gonadal veins** often branch off from which vein?
Renal vein ## Footnote This is more common for the left gonadal vein.
179
What do the **common iliac veins** parallel?
Common iliac arteries ## Footnote They are responsible for draining blood from the pelvis and lower limbs.
180
What is the function of the **external iliac veins**?
Drains leg via the femoral veins and great saphenous vein ## Footnote They are located in the pelvic region.
181
What do the **internal iliac veins** drain?
Pelvic wall and contents ## Footnote They are responsible for venous drainage from the pelvic region.
182
What do the **femoral veins** join with before draining into the external iliac?
Greater saphenous vein ## Footnote They are located in the thigh region.
183
What is the **popliteal vein**?
The femoral vein behind the knee ## Footnote It receives blood from the foot and leg via the dorsal venous arch and tibial veins.
184
What do the **anterior and posterior tibial veins** drain?
Blood from the foot and leg ## Footnote They run parallel to the tibial arteries and drain into the popliteal vein.
185
What is the **Hepatic Portal System**?
A system where blood from the digestive system is processed by the liver ## Footnote It allows for the removal of toxins and storage of nutrients.
186
What do the **superior mesenteric veins** drain?
Blood from the mesentery of the small intestines ## Footnote They lead to the hepatic portal vein.
187
What do the **inferior mesenteric veins** drain?
Blood from the mesentery of the large intestine ## Footnote They also lead to the hepatic portal vein.
188
What does the **splenic vein** transport?
Blood from the spleen and pancreas ## Footnote It drains into the hepatic portal vein.
189
What does the **gastric vein** connect?
Stomach to hepatic portal vein ## Footnote It is involved in the blood flow to the liver.
190
What is the **hepatic portal vein**?
The single large vein formed from mesenteric, splenic, and gastric veins ## Footnote It enters the liver for processing.
191
In the **fetus**, which organ is functioning as the lung?
the placenta ## Footnote The placenta oxygenates blood and facilitates its return to the heart.
192
What are the **umbilical arteries** a branch of?
internal iliac arteries ## Footnote These arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta.
193
What does the **umbilical vein** carry to the liver?
oxygenated blood ## Footnote The umbilical vein becomes the ligamentum teres (round ligament) after birth.
194
What is the function of the **ductus venosus**?
carries blood from the liver to the hepatic vein ## Footnote The ductus venosus becomes the ligamentum venosus after birth.
195
What is the **foramen ovale**?
an opening in the interatrial septum ## Footnote It allows blood to flow directly from the right heart to the left heart and seals at birth, forming the fossa ovale.
196
What does the **ductus arteriosus** allow blood to do?
pass from the pulmonary artery into the aorta ## Footnote This temporary shunt constricts at birth, forming the ligamentum arteriosum.
197
What are the two main modifications in **fetal circulation** that reduce blood flow to the non-functional lungs?
* foramen ovale * ductus arteriosus ## Footnote These modifications ensure efficient circulation in the fetus.
198
Fill in the blank: The **ductus arteriosus** constricts at birth forming the _______.
ligamentum arteriosum ## Footnote This is a key change in circulation after birth.
199
What is the **function** of the placenta in fetal circulation?
oxygenation of blood ## Footnote The placenta serves as the lung for the fetus.
Human Anatomy
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