Cd

Question 1

What’s the cause of antibiotic resistance

Answer 1

Causes - over prescribing of antibiotics , patients not finishing the entire antibiotic course , over use of antibiotics in livestock , poor hygiene , poor infection control in health care settings.to prevent and control the spread of antibiotic resistance health professionals can prevent infections by ensuring hands , instruments and environment are clean

Question 2

Talk to me about Communicable disease

Answer 2

Where infection Is acquired by contact with a source of microorganisms including MRSA, tuberculosis, hepatitis , HIV , pneumonia. They can be spread by air currents , coughing , direct contact ,water ingestion.

Question 3

The ability of a disease to be transferred depends on a number of factors…

Answer 3

The source of organism , how long it can live outside the host , which route it infects the hosts , the immune status of the subject

Question 4

Describe MRSA-methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus

Answer 4

Normal flora found in about 1/3 rd of the normal population in the nose.approx 2% will carry methicillin resistant SA.it is easily transmitted from patient to patient via direct contact
Dangerous for at risk ppl like elderly .minimise transmission by good handwashing , cleaning , equipment or surfaces.

Question 5

Describe tuberculosis

Answer 5

Via coughing and sneezing or spitting.
Droplets containing mycobacterium tuberculosis may remain infectious for many hours
25% of the population ( china , Nigeria , India l Bangladesh ) is estimated to be infected with Tb bacteria but most (90-96%) will not develop TB disease.90% of immune competent ppl will be asymptomatic

Question 6

Describe hepatitis

Answer 6

5 types ( ABCD &E )some will be a Ute and not cause serious long lasting issues. Others can be chronic and cause liver cirrhosis, loss of liver function n liver cancer
Hepatitis B causes many risk factors to health care workers .spread via infected blood , spread from pregnant women to her baby , sexually transmitted , rarely transmitted in saliva l
Most common transmitted in hospital setting via needle stick injuries
Treatment - antiviral medication
Vaccination - for ppl who are HC workers , IV drug users , men who have sex with other men , ppl travelling to areas with high infection rates

Question 7

Describe HIV

Answer 7

Attacks the body’s immune system.
Causes AIDs in advanced stages
Spreads from blood , breast milk , semen , vaginal fluids or needle stick injuries

Question 8

Describe pseudomonas / burkholderia cepacia

Answer 8

Includes 24 pathogenic bacteria species.causes serious respiratory infections in patients .
Its associated with a respiratory decline in cystic fibrosis patients
Spread by direct contact ( kiss) or indirectly touching contaminated objects
CF patients that are positive for B cepacia should be kept separate from negative patients

Question 9

How do we prevent the transference of disease

Answer 9

Good washing technique , use barrier filters , disinfect / sterilise reusable mouthpieces
Regular cleaning of environment n equipment

Question 10

Talk to me about methods of sterilisation

Answer 10

Low tempteratire steam (73 Celsius ) - kills vegetative organisms and some viruses
Commercial washer - (>70 Celsius ) same as above but more efficient with viruses
Sodium hypochlorite solution - kills as previous and Hep B and c
Chlorine dioxide - kills vegetative organisms , tb and most viruses

Question 11

Talk to me about filters

Answer 11

Provide a barrier between the patient and equipment .
Protect the equipment from the patient and the patient from equipment
Not 100% safe , check manufacturers dat for how efficient they are

Question 12

Talk to me about one way mouth pieces

Answer 12

Card board tube with one way valve , protect the patient from the machine
Cheap in comparison to bacterial filters
Unable to perform inspiratory manoeuvres

Question 13

What’s sterilisation and disinfection

Answer 13

Sterilisation - the complete destruction of all microorganisms and their spores with by chemical or physical agents .
Disinfections - the destruction of. Potentially pathogenic microorganisms but not their spores

Question 14

Clinell wipes

Answer 14

Used in many hospitals
Kills 99%.9 of bacteria and viruses in 29 seconds
wipes are impregnated with detergents , disinfectants and alcohol
Can b used to disinfect equipment surfaces etc

Question 15

What methods kills vegetative organisms , viruses and spores

Answer 15

High tempt steam (134 c for 3 min and 120 c for 10)
Min ) , ethylene oxide and low temperature stem (73 ccuiys )

Question 16

Talk to me about sepsis

Answer 16

Presence of harmful bacteria and their toxins in tissue due to infection. Without treatment cneas to multiple organ failure and death
Symptoms - high temperature , child , shivering fast heart beat , fast breathing
Severe sepsis or septic shock ( when bp drops badly ) symptoms are - dizzy , slurred speech , severe muscle pain , breathlessness , less urine produced , nausea , committing, cold

Question 17

Talk to me about the transmission of Covid 19

Answer 17

SARS cov -2 (virus ) is primarily transmitted between proletariat via droplets or aerosols
Airborne transmission can occur in health care setting , poorly ventilated indoor spaces

Question 18

What’s aerosol generating procedures

Answer 18

Is medical procedure that results in the release of airborne particles from the respiratory tract when treating someone who is known to be suffering from an infectious agent transmitted wholly or partly by the airborne or droplet route
Dental procedures , respiratory tract suctioning , high flow nasal oxygen, manual ventilation

Question 20

To ensure patients and staff are at the lowest risk possible we can ..( Covid 10& respiratory testing )

Answer 20

Ask patient to undertake a pre attendance questionnaire , check temperature if above 37 Celsius organise swabbing
Social distancing in waiting room
One way flow through departments
Screens should be used to limit direct exposure between patient n clinican

Question 21

Virology of Covid 19

Answer 21

Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses with some causing less severe diseases , cold and other causing more severe disease like acute respiratory syndrome
On the 11th feb 2020 WHO named the syndrome Covid 19