What allows emotional regulation to develop?
The connection between the limbic system and the prefrontal cortex.
What is Erikson’s third psychosocial stage?
Initiative vs. Guilt – Children try new tasks and feel guilt if they fail.
Define self-concept.
Understanding of oneself in terms of traits, self-esteem, and personality.
What motivates preschool children the most?
Intrinsic motivation (from their own desires).
What purpose can imaginary friends serve?
They help with emotional regulation and reduce loneliness.
What is psychopathology?
An illness or disorder of the mind.
What are externalizing problems?
Expressing emotions through outbursts or destructive behaviors.
What are internalizing problems?
Turning emotional distress inward, often causing excessive guilt or shame.
What is rough-and-tumble play?
Play that mimics aggression but with no intent to harm.
What is sociodramatic play?
Pretend play where children create and act out roles and stories.
What characterizes the authoritarian parenting style?
High standards, strict discipline, and little communication.
Describe the authoritative parenting style.
Balanced with limits, communication, and flexibility.
What is permissive parenting?
Low discipline and high indulgence, with few rules or controls.
What defines neglectful/uninvolved parenting?
Lack of involvement or awareness in the child’s life.
What are sex differences?
Biological differences between males and females.
What are gender differences?
Culturally defined roles and behaviors for males and females.
Define instrumental aggression.
Hurtful behavior to gain something, typical in early childhood.
What is reactive aggression?
Impulsive retaliation to being hurt.
What is relational aggression?
Using insults or exclusion to harm social relationships.
What is bullying aggression?
Repeated, unprovoked attacks, especially on weaker individuals.
