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Anatomy and Physiology Test #1 > Ch. 6 - Skin & Its Appendages > Flashcards

Ch. 6 - Skin & Its Appendages Flashcards

1
Q

What is the body’s largest organ?

A

Skin

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2
Q

What is the integumentary system?

A

Skin & its appendages (hair, nails & skin glands)

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3
Q

Skin is classified as ___________ membrane

A

cutaneous

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4
Q

List 2 primary layers of the skin

A
  1. epidermis

2. dermis

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5
Q

What layer does the hypodermis lie beneath?

A

Dermis

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6
Q

There are 2 types of skin - thick & thin. What does these types cover?

A

thin - covers most of body’s surfaces

thick - covers soles and palms

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7
Q

List the 4 types of epidermal cells

A
  1. keratinocytes
  2. melanocytes
  3. epidermal dendritic cells
  4. tactile epithelial cells
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8
Q

skin cell that is the principal structural element of the outer skin

A

keratinocyte

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9
Q

skin cell that constitues 90% of cells present

A

keratinocyte

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10
Q

skin cell that is sometimes called corneocytes after it is fully keratinized

A

keratinocyte

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11
Q

skin cell that contains melanin?

A

melanocyte

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12
Q

skin cell that produces pigment

A

melanocyte

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13
Q

skin cell that filters UV light

A

melanocyte

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14
Q

skin cell that plays a role in immune response

A

epidermal dendritic cells

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15
Q

skin cell that is also called langerhan cells

A

epidermal dendritic cells

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16
Q

skin cell that are branched antigen-presenting cells

A

epidermal dendritic cells

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17
Q

skin cell that attach to sensory nerve endings to form ‘light touch’ receptors

A

tactile epithelial cells

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18
Q

skin cell that are also called Merkel cells

A

tactile epithelial cells

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19
Q

list the 5 cell layers in epidermis (from deepest to superficial)

A
  1. stratum basale (base layer)
  2. stratum spinosum (spiny layer)
  3. stratum granulosum (granular layer)
  4. stratum lucidum (clear layer)
  5. stratum corneum (horny layer)
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20
Q

this epidermal layer contains single layer of columnar cells that undergoes mitosis - after which the cells migrate through the other layers until they are shed

A

stratum basale

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21
Q

epidermal layer that is rich in RNA

A

stratum spinosum

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22
Q

epidermal layer that is arranged in 8 to 10 layers with desmosomes that pull cells into spiny shapes

A

stratum spinosum

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23
Q

epidermal layer that can initiate protein synthesis for production of keratin

A

stratum spinosum

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24
Q

epidermal layer where cells are arranged in 2-4 layers and filled with keratohyalin granules

A

stratum granulosum

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25
Q

epidermal layer that contains high levels of lysosomal enzymes

A

stratum granulosum

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26
Q

epidermal layer where cells are filled with keratin precursor called eleidin

A

stratum lucidum

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27
Q

epidermal layer absent in thin skin

A

stratum lucidum

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28
Q

epidermal layer composed of dead cells filled with keratin known as the barrier area

A

stratum corneum

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29
Q

the time required for epidermal cells to form in the stratum basale and migrate to the skin surface is known as this:

A

turnover or regeneration time

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30
Q

what is the approximate length of regeneration time

A

35 days

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31
Q

what does epidermal growth factor regulate?

A

epidermal growth and repair

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32
Q

a shortened turnover time increases the thickness of stratus corneum and results in this:

A

callus formation

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33
Q

each group of 8-10 basal cells in mitosis with their vertical columns of migrating keratinocytes is called this:

A

epidermal proliferating unit

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34
Q

this epidermal component is a partial barrier to the passage of some cells and large molecules

A

dermoepidermal junction

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35
Q

this epidermal component is a basement membrane with a polysaccharide gel ‘glue’ that connects the epidermis to the dermis below

A

dermoepidermal junction

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36
Q

this is sometimes called the ‘true skin’

A

dermis

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37
Q

true or false.

the dermis is much thicker than the epidermis and lies beneath it

A

true

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38
Q

this gives strength to skin

A

dermis

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39
Q

this serves as a reservoir storage area for water and electrolytes

A

dermis

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40
Q

5 structures that are found in the dermis

A
  1. arrector pili muscles
  2. hair follicles
  3. sensory receptors
  4. glands (sweat and sebaceous)
  5. blood vessels
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41
Q

rich vascular supply plays a critical role in _____________ regulation

A

temperature

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42
Q

different receptors in the skin detect ________ & _____________

A

pain, pressure

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43
Q

2 layers of the dermis

A
  1. papillary layer

2. reticular layer

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44
Q

which dermal layer forms a unique pattern that gives finger prints?

A

papillary layer

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45
Q

which dermal layer is tough yet stretchable and produces leather

A

reticular layer

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46
Q

true or false.

The dermal layer continually sheds and regenerates itself just like the epidermal layer

A

false - it does not

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47
Q

what structures form scars during wound healing

A

fibroblasts

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48
Q

what are cleavage lines also known as?

A

langer’s lines

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49
Q

what is also called the subcutaneous layer or superficial fascia?

A

hypodermis

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50
Q

what connects skin to muscles below?

A

hypodermis

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51
Q

true or false.

hypodermis is part of the skin

A

false

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52
Q

2 types of melanin

A
  1. eumelanin

2. pheomelanin

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53
Q

what determines skin colour?

A

quantity, type & distribution of melanin

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54
Q

what releases melanin in packets called melanosomes?

A

melanocytes

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55
Q

type of injection that enters the skin at a 15 degree angle into the subcutaneous tissue

A

intradermal (ID)

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56
Q

type of injection that enters the skin at a 45 degree angle and goes beneath the subcutaneous tissue

A

subcutaneous (SQ)

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57
Q

congenital absence of melanin

A

albinism

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58
Q

produced by the cumulative effects of UV ray exposure

A

age spots

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59
Q

what determines the amount of melanin in the skin?

A

genes

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60
Q

a group of yellowish pigments from food that can also contribute to skin colour

A

beta-carotene

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61
Q

colour changes also occur as a result in blood flow because of this:

A

hemoglobin

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62
Q

bluish colour caused by darkening of hemoglobin

A

cyanosis

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63
Q

if liver is unable to remove bile colour pigment the skin starts to look yellow and is known as ____________

A

jaundice

64
Q

the yellow breakdown product when red blood cells are destroyed that is associated with jaundice

A

bilirubin

65
Q

what are the 8 functions of the skin

A
  1. protection
  2. sensation
  3. flexibility
  4. excretion
  5. hormone production
  6. immunity
  7. temperature regulation
  8. surface film
66
Q

vitamin d is produced by which function of the skin

A

endocrine

67
Q

4 sensations of the skin

A
  1. pain
  2. heat and cold
  3. pressure
  4. touch
68
Q

somatic sensory receptors are a mechanism of what function of the skin

A

sensation

69
Q

surface film/mechanical barrier, keratin, melanin, and tissue strength are a mechanism of what function of the skin

A

protection

70
Q

elastic and recoil properties of skin and subcutaneous tissue are a mechanism of what function of the skin

A

movement and growth

71
Q

activation of precursor compound in skin cells by UV light is a mechanism of what function of the skin

A

endocrine

72
Q

regulation of sweat volume and content are a mechanism of what function of the skin

A

excretion

73
Q

phagocyte cells and epidermal dendritic cells are a mechanism of what function of the skin

A

immunity

74
Q

regulation of blood flow to the skin and evaporation of sweat are a mechanism of what function of the skin

A

temp. regulation

75
Q

what is the control centre for temperature?

A

hypothalamus

76
Q

homeostasis of body temperature is an example of what kind of feedback loop?

A

negative

77
Q

what is the name of fine soft hair present before birth

A

lanuga

78
Q

what is coarse pubic and axillary hair that develops at puberty called

A

terminal hair

79
Q

where do hair follicles and hair develop from

A

epidermis

80
Q

5 parts of hair:

A
  1. papilla
  2. root
  3. shaft
  4. medulla
  5. cortex
81
Q

(cluster of capillaries under germinal matrix related to hair)

A

papilla

82
Q

(part of hair embedded in follicle in dermis)

A

root

83
Q

(visible part of hair)

A

shaft

84
Q

(inner core of hair)

A

medulla

85
Q

(outer portion of hair)

A

cortex

86
Q

the colour of hair is a result of different amounts of _______ in the cortex of hair

A

melanin

87
Q

hair grows an average of _______ per year

A

5 inches

88
Q

_________ glands attach to and secrete sebum into follicle

A

sebaceous

89
Q

what is sebum

A

skin oil

90
Q

what is androgenic alopecia

A

male pattern baldness

91
Q

androgenic alopecia is a result of 2 things:

A
  1. genetic tendency

2. male sex hormones

92
Q

5 parts of the nail

A
  1. nail body
  2. root
  3. lanula
  4. nail bed
  5. cuticle
93
Q

2 types of sweat glands

A
  1. eccrine glands

2. apocrine glands

94
Q

these glands are the most numerous sweat glands, distributed over total body surface, function throughout life, and secrete perspiration

A

eccrine glands

95
Q

these sweat glands are located deep in subcutaneous layer, limited distribution, large, begin to function at puberty

A

apocrine glands

96
Q

2 types of skin glands:

A
  1. sebaceous

2. ceruminous

97
Q

the glands secrete sebum, are found in the dermis, may lead to formation of pimples and blackheads

A

sebaceous glands

98
Q

these glands are modified apocrine sweat glands, empty contents into external ear canal, produce ear wax

A

ceruminous glands

99
Q

skin is classified as a __________ membrane

A

cutaneous

100
Q

this function of the skin is described as an emulsified protective barrier formed by mixing of residue and secretions of sweat and sebaceous glands with sloughed epithelial cells from skin surface

A

surface film

101
Q

shedding of epithelial elements is called:

A

desquamation

102
Q

skin act as a sophisticated _________ organ

A

sense

103
Q

somatic sensory ___________ detect stimuli that permit us to detect pressure, touch, temperature, pain and other general senses

A

receptors

104
Q

skin is supple and _________, thus permitting change in body contours without injury

A

elastic

105
Q

2 products excreted by the skin

A
  1. water

2. urea/ammonia/uric acid

106
Q

epidermal dendritic cells trigger helpful immune reaction working with “helper ___ cells”

A

T

107
Q

to maintain homeostasis of body temperature, heat production must equal _______ ______

A

heat loss

108
Q

chief determinant of heat production is the amount of ________ work being performed

A

muscular

109
Q

in heat loss approximately 80% of heat loss occurs through the ________, and 20% occurs through the __________ of the respiratory, digestive and urinary tracts

A

skin, mucosa

110
Q

this method of heat loss is especially important at high environmental temperatures when it is the only method by which heat can be lost from the skin

A

evaporation

111
Q

transfer of heat from one object to another without actual contact

A

radiation

112
Q

important method of heat loss in cool environmental temperatures

A

radiation

113
Q

transfer of heat to any substance actually in contact with the body and accounts for relatively small amounts of heat loss

A

conduction

114
Q

transfer of heat away from a surface by movement of air; usually small amounts

A

convection

115
Q

receptors in the _____________ monitor the body’s internal temperature

A

hypothalamus

116
Q

layer of epithelium under nail body that contains abundant blood vessels

A

nail bed

117
Q

separation of nail from the nail bed is called:

A

onycholysis

118
Q

nails grow by mitosis of cells in the stratum _________ beneath the lanula

A

basale

119
Q

average growth of ________ is .55 mm per week, 1 inch per year

A

nails

120
Q

lipid components have _____________ activity in sebaceous glands

A

anti-fungal

121
Q

glands found in dermis except the palms and soles

A

sebaceous

122
Q

function of the ceruminous glands are to protect areas from ___________

A

dehydration

123
Q

skin that is smooth, unwrinkled, and characterized by elasticity and flexibility, rapid healing, and is few sweat glands is typical in ______________

A

children

124
Q

skin that has development and activation of sebaceous and sweat glands, increased sweat production, body odour, and acne due to increased sebum production is typical in ______________

A

adults

125
Q

skin that has decreased sebaceous and sweat gland activity, wrinkling, and decreased ability to cool the body is typical in ______________

A

old age

126
Q

skin is a major component of the body’s ____________ framework

A

structural

127
Q

skin defines the ___________ environment of the body

A

internal

128
Q

primary functions of skin are _______________ and __________________

A

support and protection

129
Q

Identify the two main or primary layers of skin. What tissue type dominates each layer?

A

Epidermis and dermis. Epithelium dominates the epidermal layer and connective tissue dominates the dermis.

130
Q

The terms thin and thick skin refer to which primary layer of skin?

A

Most of the body surface is covered by thin skin.

131
Q

How do thin and thick skin differ?

A

Skin covering the palms of the hands, soles of the feet, and other body areas subject to friction is classified as thick skin. In thin skin, the number of cell layers in each epidermal stratum is less than that in thick skin. Raised parallel ridges are not present in the dermis of thin skin.

132
Q

Identify the 2 main types of cell types found in the epidermis.

A

Keratinocytes and melanocytes.

133
Q

List the 5 layers or strata of the epidermis

A

Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale.

134
Q

What is the name of the gluelike layer separating the dermis from the epidermis?

A

Dermal-epidermal junction.

135
Q

Which layer of the dermis forms the bumps that produces the ridges on the palms and soles?

A

Dermal papillae.

136
Q

Which layer is vascular: the epidermis or dermis?

A

Dermis.

137
Q

What is the main function of the hypodermis?

A

The hypodermis forms a connection between the skin and the underlying structures of the body.

138
Q

What is the one means of heat production in the body? In what type of organs does the most heat production occur?

A

Metabolism of foods. Muscles and glands produce more heat than any other tissues.

139
Q

Name three of the four physical process by which heat is lost from the body.

A

Evaporation, radiation, conduction, and convection.

140
Q

Identify the pigment that determines hair colour.

A

Varying amounts of melanin.

141
Q

List 7 functions of the skin

A

Protection, sensation, growth, synthesis of important chemicals and hormones, excretion, temperature regulation, and immunity

142
Q

How does surface film contribute to the protective function of the skin

A

The surface film is produced by the mixing of residue and secretions from sweat and sebaceous glands, with the epithelial cells constantly being cast off from the epidermis.

143
Q

List the appendages of the skin

A

Hair, nails, and skin glands.

144
Q

What are 2 types of sweat glands. How do they differ?

A

Eccrine: the most numerous and widespread in the body. They are small and function throughout life to produce perspiration rich in salts, ammonia, uric acid, urea, and other wastes. Apocrine: located deep in the subcutaneous layer. They are much larger than eccrine glands and are connected with hair follicles. Apocrine glands enlarge and begin to function at puberty, producing a more viscous and colored secretion.

145
Q

List 2 functions of sebum

A

Keeps the hair supple and the skin soft and pliant.

146
Q

What substances make up the skin’s surface film?

A

Surface film is produced by the mixing of residue and secretions from sweat and sebaceous glands with epithelial cells.

147
Q 
The two main layers that compose the skin are the dermis and:
A.	superficial fascia.
B.	subcutaneous.
C.	epidermis.
D.	hypodermis.
A

C. epidermis.

148
Q 
The epidermis is composed of several types of epithelial cells. One type, called keratinocytes, become filled with a tough, fibrous protein called:
A.	melanin.
B.	keratin.
C.	stratum lucidum.
D.	eleidin.
A

B. keratin.

149
Q 
The dermis is composed of two layers, a thin papillary layer and a thick \_\_\_\_\_ layer.
A.	reticular
B.	epidermal
C.	muscle
D.	connective tissue
A

A. reticular

150
Q 
Each hair follicle has a small bundle of involuntary muscles attached to it called the:
A.	smooth muscle layer.
B.	microvilli.
C.	arrector pili muscles.
D.	dermal papillae.
A

C. arrector pili muscles.

151
Q 
The basic determinant of skin color is:
A.	keratin.
B.	mucus.
C.	melanin.
D.	tyrosine.
A

C. melanin.

152
Q 
Which of the following is not a function of the skin?
A.	Sensation
B.	Protection
C.	Temperature regulation
D.	Contraction
A

D. Contraction

153
Q 
The shedding of epithelial elements from the skin surface is called:
A.	hydration.
B.	buffering.
C.	lubrication.
D.	desquamation.
A

D. desquamation.

154
Q 
Around the sixth month of pregnancy, the developing fetus is almost entirely covered by a fine soft hair coat called the:
A.	lanugo.
B.	papilla.
C.	vellus.
D.	sebum.
A

A. lanugo.

155
Q 
The skin glands include three kinds of microscopic glands. They are the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ glands.
A.	sweat, eccrine, and sebaceous
B.	sweat, sebaceous, and ceruminous
C.	sweat, eccrine, and ceruminous
D.	sebaceous, eccrine, and ceruminous
A

B. sweat, sebaceous, and ceruminous

156
Q 
The mixed secretions of sebaceous and ceruminous glands form a brown waxy substance called the:
A.	sebum.
B.	keratin.
C.	melanin.
D.	cerumen.
A

D. cerumen.

Anatomy and Physiology Test #1 (18 decks)

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