CH5 - CogDev 3 Years

Question 1

what are the 6 approaches to cognitive development?

BPPICS

Answer 1

1. Behaviorist Approach
2. Psychometric Approach
3. Piagetian Approach
4. Information-Processing Approach
5. Cognitive Neuroscience Approach
6. Social-Contextual Approach

Question 2

this type of behavior is goal-oriented and adaptive to circumstances and conditions of life

Answer 2

Intelligent behavior

Question 2

this type of learning is based on associating a stimulus that does not ordinarily elicit a response with another stimulus that does elicit with the response

Pavlov dogs

Answer 2

Classical Conditioning

Question 3

this type of learning is based on association of behavior with its consequences

Skinner Rat

Answer 3

Operant Conditioning

Question 4

this term refers to psychometric tests that seek to measure intelligence by comparing a test-takers performance with standardized norms

Answer 4

IQ (intelligence quotient) tests

Question 5

this term refers to a developmental test designed to assess children from 1 month to 3 and a half years

scores indicate a child’s competencies in each of five developmental areas

Answer 5

Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development

Question 5

what developmental areas are assessed by the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development?

CLMSAB

Answer 5

Cognitive
Language
Motor
Social-Emotional
Adaptive Behavior
Behavior Rating scale (optional)

Question 6

this term refers to an instrument used to measure the influence of the home environment children’s cognitive growth

Answer 6

Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME)

Question 6

this term refers to a systematic process of providing services to help families meet young children’s developmental needs

Answer 6

Early Intervention

Question 7

this term refers to organized patterns of thought and behavior

Answer 7

schemes

Question 7

this term refers to the first stage in Piaget’s stages of cognitive development, in which infants learn through senses and motor activity

Answer 7

sensorimotor stage

Question 8

what is Piaget’s term for processes by which an infant lanterns to reproduce desired occurrences originally discovered by chance?

Answer 8

Circular reactions

Question 9

this term refers to the ability to mentally represent objects and actions in memory, largely through symbols such as words, numbers, and mental pictures

frees toddlers from immediate experience

Answer 9

Representational Ability

Question 10

what are the key developments of the sensorimotor stage?

NCCOIS

Answer 10

1. Number
2. Causality
3. Categorization
4. Object Permanence
5. Imitation
6. Symbolic Development

Question 11

this term refers to the ability to understand the nature of pictures

Answer 11

pictorial competence

Question 12

this key development in the sensorimotor stage becomes increasingly valuable late in the first year of life as babies try new skills

Answer 12

Imitation

Question 13

what is Piaget’s term for reproduction of an observed behavior after the passage of time by calling up a stored symbol of it?

Answer 13

Deferred Imitation

Question 14

what is Piaget’s term for the understanding that a person or object still exists when out of sight?

Answer 14

Object Permanence

Question 15

what does the dual representation hypothesis assume?

Answer 15

an object has two potential representations
(1) an object
(2) a symbol for a class of things

Question 16

what theory assumes that infants are born with domain-specific innate knowledge systems

Answer 16

Core knowledge approach

Question 16

this term refers to the ability to use information gained by one sense to guide another

Answer 16

Cross-modal transfer

Question 17

this term refers to a type of learning in which familiarity with stimulus reduces, slows, or stops a response

Answer 17

Habituation

Question 18

this term refers to an increase in responsiveness after presentation of a new stimulus

Answer 18

Dishabituation

Question 18

this term refers to the tendency of infants to send more time looking at one sight than another

Answer 18

Visual preference

Question 19

this term refers to the tendency of infants (and sometimes adults) to prefer looking at, interacting with, or attending to new or unfamiliar stimuli over those they have seen before

Answer 19

Novelty preference

Question 19

this term refers to the ability to distinguish a familiar visual stimulus from an unfamiliar one when shown both at the same time

Answer 19

Visual Recognition Memory

Question 20

this term refers to a shared attentional focus, typically initiated with eye gaze or pointing

Answer 20

Joint attention

Question 21

this term refers to a research method in which dishabituation to a stimulus that conflicts with experience is taken as evidence that an infant recognizes the new stimulus as surprising

Answer 21

Violation-of-expectations

Question 22

this term refers to remembering that occurs without effort or even unconscious awareness

Answer 22

Implicit memory

Question 23

this term refers to intentional and conscious memory also called declarative memory

Answer 23

Explicit memory

Question 24

this part of the brain is believed to control many aspects of cognition

Answer 24

Prefrontal cortex

Question 25

this term refers to mutual interactions with adults that help structure children’s activities and bridge the gap between a child’s understanding and an adult’s

Answer 25

Guided participation

Question 25

this term refers to a communication system based on words and grammar.

Answer 25

Language

Question 26

this term refers to the ability to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences using a finite set of words and rules

Answer 26

Infinite generativity

Question 27

this term refers to the utterance of sounds that are not words forerunner of linguistic speech

Answer 27

Prelinguistic Speech

Question 28

this term refers to the smallest units of sound in speech

Answer 28

Phonemes

Question 28

this term refers to a single word that conveys a thought

Answer 28

holophrase

Question 29

this term refers to the rules for forming sentences in a particular language

Answer 29

Syntax

Question 29

this term refers to the use of short and precis words without grammatical markers such as articles, auxiliary verbs, and other connectives

Answer 29

Telegraphic Speech

Question 30

this term refers to the tendency to apply a word too narrowly example: a child might only use the verb "sit" when referring to the family dog sitting down but not when other people sit

Answer 30

Underextension

Question 31

this term refers to what occurs when children inappropriately apply a syntactical rule i drawed that i goed in the room

Answer 31

Overregularization

Question 32

what does the Social Learning Theory say about language acquisition?

Answer 32

babies imitate the sounds they hear adults make and are reinforced for doing so

Question 32

this term refers to changing one’s speech to match the situation, as in people who are bilingual

Answer 32

Code switching

Question 33

this term refers to the use of elements of two languages, sometimes in the same utterance, by young children in households where both languages are spoken

Answer 33

Code mixing

Question 34

what did Skinner say about language acquisition?

Answer 34

caregivers reinforce the sounds that happen to resemble adult speech and infants then repeat those sounds then language is gradually shaped

Question 35

this term refers to an an inborn mechanism that enables children to infer linguistic rules from the language they hear

Answer 35

Language Acquisition Device (LAD)

Question 35

this term refers to a form of speech often used in talking to babies or toddlers; includes slow, simplified speech, a high-pitched tone, exaggerated vowel sounds, short words and sentences, and much repetition; also called parentese or motherese.

Answer 35

Child-directed Speech

Question 35

what does Chomsky say about language acquisition and what was his theory called?

Answer 35

an inborn Language Acquisition Device (LAD) programs children’s brains to analyze the language they hear and to figure out its rules Nativism

Question 36

this substage in Piaget's sensorimotor stage is characterized by infants repeating pleasurable behaviors that first occur by chance pleasure

Answer 36

Primary Circular Reaction

Question 37

this substage in Piaget's sensorimotor stage is characterized by infants repeating actions that bring interesting results learns about causality interesting results

Answer 37

Secondary Circular Reactions

Question 37

this substage in Piaget's sensorimotor stage is characterized by infants coordinating previously learned schemes and use previously learned behaviors to attain their goals usage of previously learned info

Answer 37

Coordination of secondary schemes

Question 37

this substage in Piaget's sensorimotor stage is characterized by infants purposefully varying their actions to see results actively explore the world and uses trial and error in solving problems exploration

Answer 37

Tertiary Circular Reactions

Question 37

what are the substages in Piaget's sensorimotor stage?

Answer 37

1. Use of reflexes (Birth to 1 month) 2. Primary Circular Reactions (1-4 months) 3. Secondary Circular Reactions (4-8 months) 4.Coordination of Secondary Schemes (8-12 months) 5. Tertiary Circular Reactions (12-18 months)