CH.8

Question 1

FLUID DISTRIBUTION

1. the intra and extracellular make up what % of our body weight and how many litres?
2. the ICF is composed of what 3 things?
3. what is the ICF & ECF?

Answer 1

1. (ICF)
   - 40%
   - 28 L

(ECF)
- 20%
- 14.5 L

2. • interstitial (10L)
   • plasma (3.5L)
   • transcellular (1L)
3. ICF
   - this is contains no sodium, large amount of potassium and takes place inside the cell.

ECF
- takes place outside the cell.
- this has large quantities of sodium, chloride, and small amounts of potassium.

Question 2

MOVEMENT OF BODY FLUIDS AND ELECTROLYTES.

1. a special protein channel that allows H2O to cross a cell membrane is which protein?
2. in ICF & ECF what are the SI units of sodium, potassium, chloride?

Answer 2

1. aquaporins
2. SODIUM
   - ECF 135-145 mmol/L & ICF 10-15 mmol/L
   POTASSIUM
   - ECF 3-5 mmol/L & ICF 140-150 mmol/L
   CHLORIDE
   - ECF 98-106 mmol/L &. ICF 3-4 mmol/L

Question 3

OSMOSIS & TONICITY

1. what is osmosis?
2. what is tonicity?
3. what is isotonic?
4. what is hypotonic?
5. what is hypertonic?

Answer 3

1. this is water that is moving from high to low concentration while passing through a semi permeable membrane.
2. tensions that a solution with a impermeable solutes exert on a cell size because of water moving across the cell membrane.
3. cells under go no change in size.
4. cells increase in size, with there being a higher level of concentration inside the cell.
5. cells decrease in size because there is lower concentration inside the cell than outside the cell.

Question 4

OSMOSIS

1. what is the osmolarity and osmolality?

Answer 4

1. OSMOLARITY
   - refers to fluids outside the cell, with concentration in 1 L of solution.

OSMOLALITY
- refers to fluids inside the cell, with concentration in 1Kg of water.

Question 5

CAPILLARY & INTERSTIAL FLUID EXCHANGE

1. what are the 4 pressures that work with fluid exchange?
2. describe what happens in each of the different fluid pressures?

Answer 5

1.
- capillary filtration pressure
- capillary colloidal osmotic pressure
- tissue hydrostatic pressure (interstitial)
- tissue colloidal osmotic pressure (interstitial)

2. CAPILLARY FILTRATION PRESSURE
   - pushes water out of the capillaries into the interstitial spaces by hydrostatic pressure rather than osmotic force.
   - increases with gravity and with arterial & venous pressure.
   - decrease as the capillary is transvered arterial to venous end.

CAPILLARY COLLOIDAL OSMOTIC PRESSURE
- pushes water back into the capillary.
- this is osmotic pressure generated by plasma proteins that are too large to pass through the pores of the capillary wall.

TISSUE HYDROSTAIC PRESSURE (INTERSTIAL)
- opposes movement of water out of the capillary from leaving.
- outward movement of water into the interstitial spaces.

TISSUE COLLOIDAL OSMOTIC PRESSURE (INTERSTIAL)
- pulls water out of the capillary from the interstitial space, these are small amounts of plasma proteins that escape.

Question 6

what are the 4 main causes of edema?

Answer 6

• swelling produced by an increase of interstial fluid volume.

1. increase in capillary pressure
   - increase vascular volume.
2. decrease in capillary colloidal osmotic pressure
   - increase loss & decrease production of plasma proteins
3. increase in capillary permeability
   - inflammation, allergic reaction
4. obstruction of lymphatic over flow
   - impaired lymph flow

Question 7

what is the difference between pitting edema and non-pitting edema?

Answer 7

PITTING EDEMA
- tissue water can bet translocated with pressure exerted by a finger, due to the accumulation of interstial fluid that is greater than the absorptive capacity. leaves an indent.

NON-PITTING EDEMA
- plasma proteins accumulate in the tissue spaces, seen in local infection or trauma. does not leave an indent

Question 8

what is hyper/hyponatremia?

Answer 8

HYPERNATREMIA
- the ECF of Na+ is greater than 145 mmol/L.
- cellular dehydration or Na+ retension.
- (manifestations): weight loss, mild thirst to severe thirst, dry mucous membrane.

HYPONATREMIA
- the ECF of Na+ is less than 135 mmol/L
- increase in ECF w/ water, it can result in cerebral edema.
- excessive H2O intake.
- (manifestation): weight gain, muscle cramping, weakness, fatigue.

Question 9

what are 2 ways that the body H2O balance is achieved?

Answer 9

• thirst (water in)
• ADH/ vasopressin (water out)

Question 10

1. high osmolarity will cause?
2. low osmolarity will cause?

Answer 10

1.
- thirst will increase water intake.
- increase ADH release will result in water reabsorption from urine.

2.
- lack of thirst will decrease water intake.
- decrease ADH release will result in water loss in urine.

Question 11

what is the difference between volatile and nonvolatile acids?

Answer 11

VOLATILE
- carbonic acid (H2CO3)
- H+ is in equilibrium with dissolved CO2, in blood which can be blown off by the lungs.

NONVOLATILE
- these cannot be brown down, and must be buffered & eliminated by the kidneys.
- lactic acid
- hydrochloric, sulphuric, phosphoric acid
- ketoacid.

Question 12

what are 3 regulations of pH buffering?

Answer 12

1. chemical buffering system
   – Bicarbonate system
   – Transcellular H+/K+ exchange
   – Proteins
   – Bone
   - decrease in ECF
2. respiratory control mech. (rapid)
   - increase in ventilation (VE) and in CO2 elimination.
3. renal control mech. (slow)
   – Reabsorption of HCO3−
   – Excretion of H+
   – Generation of new HCO3−
   - increase in ECF

Question 13

what is?
1 metabolic acidosis
2. metabolic alkalosis
3. respiratory acidosis
4. respiratory alkalosis

Answer 13

1.
- due to decrease in HCO3
- a decrease in serum (HCO3), with a decrease in pH.
this results in an increase in ventilation, renal H+ excretion, renal reabsorption of HCO3.
-TRX, give fluids or electrolytes.

2.
- due to increase in HCO3
- increase in serum (HCO3), which increase the pH.
- due to losses of fixed acids.
- this results in a decrease in ventilation, renal H+ excretion, renal reabsorption of HCO.
- TRX, correct underlying condition.

3.
- due to increase in PCO2, w/ a decrease in pH.
- due to acute or chronic ventilatory problems, excess CO2 production.
- results in increased renal H+ excretion, renal HCO3 reabsorption.
- TRX, improve ventilation.

4.
- due to decrease in PCO2, w/ an increase in pH.
- this is due to hyperventilation, aniexty or pain.
- this results in dizziness, panic, tingling in extremities.
- TRX, calm down, address underlying problem.