Chapter 10 Flashcards by Brooklyn Ranger

A person walking alone at night suddenly feels afraid after hearing footsteps behind them. They quickly move to a well-lit area for safety.
What function of emotion does this illustrate?

A. Fear helps people avoid danger and enhances survival
B. Happiness strengthens relationships
C. Disgust prevents disease
D. Anger helps people focus

A. Fear helps people avoid danger and enhances survival

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A group of friends laugh and smile while celebrating a birthday together. Their shared happiness strengthens their bond.
Which function of emotion is being demonstrated?

A. Emotions create social distance
B. Happiness fosters social connection and bonding
C. Emotions are unrelated to relationships
D. Happiness discourages cooperation

B. Happiness fosters social connection and bonding

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A student feels disgusted after smelling spoiled food and immediately throws it away.
What is the adaptive benefit of this emotional response?

A. It helps the student overcome fear
B. It keeps the student from becoming ill
C. It increases curiosity and exploration
D. It strengthens social bonds

B. It keeps the student from becoming ill

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A person tries to imagine life without emotions and realizes that without fear, they might take dangerous risks; without happiness, they might not form close friendships.
What overall function of emotions does this demonstrate?

A. Emotions complicate decision-making
B. Emotions are purely social constructs
C. Emotions help people adapt and survive in their environments
D. Emotions are unnecessary for daily functioning

C. Emotions help people adapt and survive in their environments

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When a baby frowns and cries after a loud noise, their reaction reflects one of the basic emotions that all humans experience.
Which feature best defines basic emotions?

A. They are learned through cultural experience
B. They are universal and include physiological, behavioral, and subjective components
C. They only appear in late childhood
D. They are expressed only through language

B. They are universal and include physiological, behavioral, and subjective components

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At 2 months old, baby Maya starts smiling whenever her mother makes eye contact or speaks gently to her.
What is this behavior called?

A. Reflexive smiling
B. Imitative smiling
C. Social smiling
D. Emotional contagion

C. Social smiling

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An infant’s social smile during playtime encourages the parent to continue engaging.
What function does this emotional expression serve?

A. It strengthens parent–child bonding
B. It helps infants avoid danger
C. It signals distress to the caregiver
D. It indicates developing language skills

A. It strengthens parent–child bonding

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Researchers show photos of people expressing fear, disgust, and happiness to participants from around the world. Most people correctly identify the emotions.
What conclusion can be drawn from this finding?

A. Emotional expressions are culturally specific
B. Basic emotions are universally recognized
C. Emotional understanding depends entirely on experience
D. Emotional expression develops only after age five

B. Basic emotions are universally recognized

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At around 6 months, baby Noah begins to cry when unfamiliar people approach him.
What developmental change best explains this behavior?

A. He has developed stranger wariness as he becomes more mobile and aware of his surroundings.
B. He is showing signs of a social smile.
C. He is experiencing separation anxiety caused by poor attachment.
D. He has developed self-conscious emotions like guilt and pride.

A. He has developed stranger wariness as he becomes more mobile and aware of his surroundings.

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When a baby avoids unfamiliar people, it often prompts caregivers to stay close and protect them.
What is the adaptive purpose of stranger wariness?

A. It promotes self-recognition in mirrors.
B. It helps infants strengthen motor skills.
C. It protects infants from potential danger through caution.
D. It encourages early independence.

C. It protects infants from potential danger through caution.

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At about 18 months, a toddler points to their reflection in a mirror and says their own name.
What does this behavior indicate?

A. The child is beginning to develop self-awareness, a foundation for complex emotions.
B. The child is showing stranger wariness.
C. The child is imitating parental behavior.
D. The child is developing basic emotions like sadness and fear.

A. The child is beginning to develop self-awareness, a foundation for complex emotions.

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When a toddler apologizes after being told they hurt someone’s feelings, they demonstrate an emotion learned through social interaction.
Which of the following is true about this type of emotion?

A. It is innate and appears at birth.
B. It requires self-awareness and social learning.
C. It is limited to fear and sadness.
D. It develops before stranger wariness.

B. It requires self-awareness and social learning.

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At 7 months, baby Kai smiles when his mother enters the room and cries when she leaves.
Which type of emotion is Kai expressing?

A. Complex (self-conscious) emotions
B. Basic emotions
C. Learned emotions
D. Cognitive emotions

B. Basic emotions

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A developmental psychologist observes a toddler showing embarrassment after spilling paint in front of their teacher.
At what age is this type of emotion most likely to emerge?

A. Birth to 3 months
B. 6 to 9 months
C. 18 to 24 months
D. 3 to 4 years

C. 18 to 24 months

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A parent notices that their baby shows joy, anger, and fear but not guilt or pride.
What does this suggest about the child’s emotional development?

A. The child is delayed in emotional development.
B. The child is in the stage where only basic emotions have developed.
C. The child has developed self-awareness.
D. The child is beginning to show self-conscious emotions.

B. The child is in the stage where only basic emotions have developed.

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When 20-month-old Ava claps for herself after building a block tower, she is expressing an emotion that involves meeting her own standards.
Which type of emotion is Ava displaying?

A. Basic emotion
B. Self-conscious (complex) emotion
C. Conditioned response
D. Social referencing

B. Self-conscious (complex) emotion

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At age 9, Emma fails her spelling test but feels regret for not studying enough and relief when she learns she can retake it.
What does Emma’s response demonstrate?

A. She is beginning to develop basic emotions.
B. She has developed self-conscious and mature emotional understanding.
C. She is showing poor emotional regulation.
D. She is confusing her emotions.

B. She has developed self-conscious and mature emotional understanding.

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A 3-year-old and a 9-year-old both experience fear, but for different reasons.
Which example best reflects this difference?

A. The 3-year-old fears monsters under the bed; the 9-year-old fears failing a test.
B. Both fear loud noises.
C. The 3-year-old fears losing friends; the 9-year-old fears separation from parents.
D. Both fear being alone in the dark

A. The 3-year-old fears monsters under the bed; the 9-year-old fears failing a test.

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A child raised in Japan feels embarrassed to show anger in public, while a child in Canada openly expresses frustration.
What does this example illustrate?

A. Emotional development is entirely genetic.
B. Cultural norms influence emotional expression.
C. The Japanese child lacks emotional understanding.
D. Western children experience stronger emotions.

B. Cultural norms influence emotional expression.

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During a class presentation, 9-year-old Luis feels nervous before speaking but proud afterward.
Which of the following best explains his emotional experience?

A. He is unable to regulate emotions.
B. He is showing typical emotional development for his age.
C. He is expressing only basic emotions.
D. His reaction is culturally inappropriate.

B. He is showing typical emotional development for his age.

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At 5 months old, baby Amir smiles when his mother smiles but looks confused when she frowns.
What does this behavior suggest?

A. Amir is beginning to recognize emotional expressions.
B. Amir is learning social display rules.
C. Amir is showing self-conscious emotions.
D. Amir is using language to identify emotions.

A. Amir is beginning to recognize emotional expressions.

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A one-year-old looks toward her father’s face when she hears a loud, unfamiliar noise.
If her father smiles, she stays calm; if he looks frightened, she begins to cry.
What process is she demonstrating?

A. Emotional contagion
B. Social referencing
C. Self-awareness
D. Cognitive empathy

B. Social referencing

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Nine-year-old Mateo feels both excited and nervous about performing in the school play.
What does this reveal about his emotional understanding?

A. He cannot yet differentiate emotions.
B. He is developing the ability to understand mixed or conflicting emotions.
C. He is overreacting emotionally.
D. He is suppressing emotions due to cultural rules.

B. He is developing the ability to understand mixed or conflicting emotions

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During a family dinner, Maya’s parents teach her not to show disappointment when receiving a gift she doesn’t like.
What concept does this illustrate?

A. Emotional regulation failure
B. Display rules learned through cultural context
C. Lack of emotional awareness
D. Social referencing behavior

B. Display rules learned through cultural context

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When a loud noise startles baby Leo, he quickly turns his head away and looks toward his mother for comfort. What does Leo’s behavior demonstrate? A. Emotional suppression B. Early emotional regulation strategies C. Lack of emotional awareness D. Cognitive coping skills

B. Early emotional regulation strategies

At age 7, Ella feels nervous before her piano recital but reminds herself that she has practiced well and can do it. Which emotional skill is she demonstrating? A. Avoidance behavior B. Dependence on parental reassurance C. Use of mental strategies for self-regulation D. Emotional contagion

C. Use of mental strategies for self-regulation

Which of the following best describes the developmental trend in emotion regulation? A. Children increasingly rely on caregivers to manage emotional responses. B. Infants use mental strategies, while older children depend on others. C. Regulation shifts from external (seeking comfort) to internal (self-control) methods. D. Emotional regulation remains constant from infancy through childhood.

C. Regulation shifts from external (seeking comfort) to internal (self-control) methods.

During group play, Noah becomes frustrated when another child takes his toy. Instead of yelling, he takes a deep breath and asks for it back. What does Noah’s behavior show? A. Poor emotional regulation skills B. Effective emotion regulation that supports social relationships C. Emotional suppression that harms communication D. Overreliance on adult intervention

B. Effective emotion regulation that supports social relationships

Lily has frequent emotional outbursts when she loses games, leading other children to avoid playing with her. What consequence of poor emotional regulation is illustrated here? A. Strong emotional awareness B. Better emotional understanding C. Social and adjustment difficulties D. Improved peer cooperation

C. Social and adjustment difficulties

In one culture, children are encouraged to show sadness openly; in another, children are taught to cry only in private. What concept explains this difference? A. Emotional contagion B. Cultural display rules for emotion expression C. Lack of emotional development D. Temperamental variation

B. Cultural display rules for emotion expression

When Jason falls and scrapes his knee at school, he holds back tears until he gets home and cries to his parents. Which factor best explains Jason’s behavior? A. His emotional immaturity B. Cultural learning about when emotions can be expressed C. Poor emotional regulation D. Fear of pain

B. Cultural learning about when emotions can be expressed

A 3-year-old, Maya, adapts quickly to new situations, enjoys meeting new people, and has a predictable sleep schedule. According to Thomas and Chess, her temperament would most likely be: A. Difficult B. Slow-to-warm-up C. Easy D. Reactive

C. Easy

Leo becomes upset whenever his nap schedule is changed and refuses to try new foods. His parents find it hard to soothe him when he’s distressed. Which temperament type best fits Leo? A. Easy B. Difficult C. Slow-to-warm-up D. Avoidant

B. Difficult

A child who initially hesitates in new environments but gradually becomes comfortable after repeated exposure demonstrates which temperament? A. Easy B. Difficult C. Slow-to-warm-up D. Inhibited

C. Slow-to-warm-up

Which statement best describes temperament as defined in the notes? A. A personality trait learned from parents. B. Behavioral patterns that change frequently based on environment. C. Biological and relatively stable behavioral styles across situations. D. The sum of all learned behaviors during early childhood.

C. Biological and relatively stable behavioral styles across situations.

When a child can regulate emotions and adjust their behavior with effort (e.g., calming down after frustration), they are demonstrating: A. High effortful control B. Low effortful control C. Emotional reactivity D. Poor emotional regulation

A. High effortful control

Which example shows low effortful control? A. A child pauses and takes deep breaths before reacting in anger. B. A child impulsively grabs another’s toy without thinking. C. A child waits patiently for a turn. D. A child comforts a friend after a fall.

B. A child impulsively grabs another’s toy without thinking.

Two-year-old identical twins, Sam and Ben, are both highly active and easily excited. Their parents notice they respond to new situations in almost exactly the same way. What does this observation best illustrate? A. The impact of parenting style on temperament B. The influence of heredity on temperament C. The effect of shared environment D. Random developmental coincidence

A. The impact of parenting style on temperament

In a study comparing identical and fraternal twins, researchers find that identical twins have much more similar levels of emotional reactivity. What conclusion is most supported by this finding? A. Temperament is shaped mainly by parenting. B. Temperament is mostly learned through experience. C. Temperament has a genetic or hereditary component. D. Temperament differences are due to birth order.

C. Temperament has a genetic or hereditary component.

A researcher finds that heredity strongly influences infants’ activity levels but has less effect on effortful control in older children. This best demonstrates that: A. Genetic influences on temperament are constant across all ages. B. The effect of heredity on temperament varies by both dimension and age. C. Environmental factors do not influence temperament. D. Older children’s temperaments are entirely biologically determined.

B. The effect of heredity on temperament varies by both dimension and age.

When parents consistently soothe their easily distressed baby, the child gradually becomes calmer and less reactive over time. This best illustrates: A. Genetic amplification B. Parental influence on temperament C. Environmental susceptibility D. Innate temperament

B. Parental influence on temperament

Two children with similar temperaments grow up in different environments. One child’s parents are nurturing and patient, while the other’s parents are harsh and inconsistent. Over time, their temperaments become more different. This change most likely reflects: A. The biological stability of temperament B. Genetic amplification through environmental interactions C. Environmental influence shaping temperament D. Heredity’s complete control over temperament

C. Environmental influence shaping temperament

A child who is naturally shy becomes even more withdrawn after being repeatedly scolded for avoiding social situations. This is an example of: A. Amplification — environmental responses increasing genetic tendencies B. Reduction — environment minimizing genetic tendencies C. Reversal — environment changing genetic traits D. Neutralization — no environmental effect

A. Amplification — environmental responses increasing genetic tendencies

Some children with a "difficult" temperament show worse behavioral outcomes in stressful homes but thrive in supportive ones. This best illustrates: A. Temperament stability B. Individual susceptibility to environmental influences C. The absence of genetic effects D. Parental indifference

B. Individual susceptibility to environmental influences

Two children inherit a tendency toward high emotional reactivity. One grows up in a calm and structured home, while the other grows up in a chaotic environment. Over time, their emotional control differs dramatically. This demonstrates that: A. Environment can modify or amplify genetic tendencies B. Temperament is fixed and unchangeable C. Only heredity determines emotional regulation D. Children’s temperaments are unrelated to parenting

A. Environment can modify or amplify genetic tendencies

A child who is attentive, emotionally regulated, and able to persist with challenging tasks tends to perform well academically. This illustrates the link between temperament and: A. Peer interactions B. School success C. Parental attachment D. Emotional instability

B. School success

When a child with a cooperative and positive temperament joins a new classroom, they quickly make friends and are well-liked by peers. This reflects the influence of temperament on: A. Compliance with parents B. Peer interactions C. Cognitive development D. Attachment style

B. Peer interactions

A child with a “difficult” temperament often argues with parents and resists instructions. However, when the parent provides firm but supportive guidance, the child’s behavior improves. This demonstrates that: A. Strict control always leads to conflict B. Environmental context moderates temperament effects C. Temperament cannot be shaped by parenting D. Difficult children cannot adapt to expectations

B. Environmental context moderates temperament effects

Children who resist control often show fewer behavior problems when mothers use consistent, appropriate discipline. This suggests: A. Parental control always causes defiance B. The environment can buffer the effects of temperament C. Temperament determines behavior regardless of parenting D. Children with resistant temperaments cannot be guided

B. The environment can buffer the effects of temperament

During a stressful family event, children with cheerful and positive temperaments show fewer signs of anxiety or sadness compared to more negative-tempered peers. This example highlights that: A. Positive temperament protects against stress effects B. All children respond the same to stress C. Temperament has no link to depression D. Stress always leads to negative emotions

A. Positive temperament protects against stress effects

A child with low emotional regulation struggles in class and often feels rejected by peers, eventually showing signs of depression. This scenario best shows that: A. Temperament can influence emotional and social outcomes B. Peer rejection causes temperament differences C. Depression is unrelated to temperament D. School success is independent of emotional regulation

A. Temperament can influence emotional and social outcomes

At 7 months old, baby Liam becomes visibly upset when his mother leaves the room but is comforted when she returns. This behavior indicates that Liam has: A. Developed object permanence B. Formed a specific attachment to a primary caregiver C. Not yet formed any attachment D. Become overly dependent on strangers

B. Formed a specific attachment to a primary caregiver

A caregiver notices that her 6-month-old infant smiles at many people but does not show distress when she leaves. What does this suggest about the infant’s attachment development? A. The infant has already formed a secure attachment B. The infant is in the early stages before specific attachment develops C. The infant has an insecure attachment style D. The infant has social anxiety

B. The infant is in the early stages before specific attachment develops

Infants’ ability to recognize familiar faces and understand cause-and-effect relationships helps them form attachments. This shows that attachment relies on: A. Physical strength B. Growing perceptual and cognitive skills C. Genetic inheritance alone D. Environmental isolation

B. Growing perceptual and cognitive skills

In Western societies, most infants begin to show a clear preference for one caregiver around 7 months of age. This developmental milestone reflects: A. Cultural differences in attachment patterns B. The beginning of social referencing C. The emergence of a single, primary attachment figure D. Stranger anxiety only

C. The emergence of a single, primary attachment figure

When 8-month-old Ella becomes upset, she immediately reaches for her mother to be soothed, but later enjoys rough-and-tumble play with her father. This example best illustrates: A. Secure attachment with her father only B. Different roles of mothers and fathers in attachment C. Anxious attachment with her mother D. Role confusion between parents

B. Different roles of mothers and fathers in attachment

According to Harlow’s research with infant monkeys, attachment develops primarily because: A. The mother provides food B. The infant learns through reinforcement C. Contact comfort is more important than feeding D. Attachment is entirely innate and unrelated to experience

C. Contact comfort is more important than feeding

Freud believed that infants first form attachments to their mothers primarily because: A. The mother provides nourishment during feeding B. Infants recognize their mothers’ voices early on C. The father is less emotionally available D. The mother engages more in play activities

A. The mother provides nourishment during feeding

A child prefers to play active games with their father but seeks their mother for comfort when hurt or scared. This pattern most likely reflects: A. Parental inconsistency B. The natural differentiation of parental roles in attachment C. Insecure attachment with both parents D. Gender-based play preference only

B. The natural differentiation of parental roles in attachment

An Indigenous father experiences challenges bonding with his child due to the lingering effects of colonial disruptions that weakened traditional family roles. This situation highlights the need for: A. Increased emphasis on feeding-based attachment B. Culturally sensitive approaches to support father–child relationships C. Reducing the role of fathers in caregiving D. Encouraging fathers to adopt Western parenting models

B. Culturally sensitive approaches to support father–child relationships

In a traditional Indigenous community, fathers are viewed as “pregnant along with the mother.” This belief best represents: A. Equal emotional involvement of both parents during pregnancy B. A misunderstanding of paternal attachment C. Western paternal ideals D. Fathers’ detachment from the parenting process

A. Equal emotional involvement of both parents during pregnancy

A parenting program designed for Indigenous communities aims to rebuild strong father–child connections by respecting traditional parenting values and healing from historical disruptions. This program most directly addresses: A. Cognitive development in infants B. Colonial impacts on attachment and family roles C. Differences between maternal and paternal attachment D. Modern Western parenting techniques

B. Colonial impacts on attachment and family roles

When a parent leaves the room, 1-year-old Ava becomes upset but quickly calms down when her parent returns and resumes playing. Her attachment style is most likely: A. Avoidant B. Resistant C. Secure D. Disorganized

C. Secure

During a play session, a baby shows little reaction when the parent leaves and ignores them when they return. This behavior suggests: A. Secure attachment B. Avoidant attachment C. Resistant attachment D. Disorganized attachment

B. Avoidant attachment

When the caregiver leaves, the infant becomes extremely upset and angry. Upon the caregiver’s return, the infant both seeks comfort and resists it by pushing away. This describes which attachment type? A. Avoidant B. Resistant (Ambivalent) C. Secure D. Disorganized

B. Resistant (Ambivalent)

A child seems disoriented when their caregiver leaves and continues to show confusion when the caregiver returns, as if unsure how to respond. This reflects: A. Secure attachment B. Avoidant attachment C. Resistant attachment D. Disorganized attachment

D. Disorganized attachment

A toddler who ignores their parent’s return after separation and continues to play without looking back is most likely showing: A. Secure attachment B. Avoidant attachment C. Disorganized attachment D. Resistant attachment

B. Avoidant attachment

Which type of attachment is generally considered the healthiest and most stable form of emotional connection between a parent and child? A. Avoidant B. Resistant C. Secure D. Disorganized

C. Secure

A caregiver who is inconsistent—sometimes comforting, sometimes rejecting—may contribute to which type of attachment pattern in their child? A. Avoidant B. Resistant C. Disorganized D. Secure

B. Resistant

A child raised in an environment with fear or neglect from a caregiver who is both a source of comfort and fear may develop which attachment type? A. Secure B. Avoidant C. Resistant D. Disorganized

D. Disorganized

In a childcare center, an infant confidently explores the play area but periodically looks back at the caregiver and smiles before continuing to play. This behavior best demonstrates: A. Insecure-resistant attachment B. The use of the caregiver as a secure emotional base C. Avoidant attachment behavior D. The beginning of stranger anxiety

B. The use of the caregiver as a secure emotional base

Across cultures, most infants develop secure attachments, but the percentage of insecure attachments varies. This finding suggests that: A. Cultural practices influence attachment patterns B. Secure attachment is rare outside of Western cultures C. Attachment is unrelated to caregiving styles D. Insecure attachment is biologically determined

A. Cultural practices influence attachment patterns

A securely attached infant is more likely than an insecurely attached infant to: A. Have difficulty forming friendships later in life B. Be overly dependent on parents C. Develop positive, trusting social relationships D. Avoid emotional expression

C. Develop positive, trusting social relationships

A 2-year-old, Mia, consistently finds comfort when her mother responds calmly and quickly when she cries. Over time, Mia begins to expect that her mother will always meet her needs. According to attachment theory, what has Mia developed? A. A learned helplessness model B. A secure internal working model C. An avoidant attachment style D. A disorganized attachment model

B. A secure internal working model

When Jamal starts preschool, he easily trusts his teacher and makes friends quickly. His parents were known for being warm, consistent, and responsive. What best explains Jamal’s behavior? A. His internal working model of relationships promotes trust and security. B. He has developed an avoidant attachment to his parents. C. He is overly dependent on adults for reassurance. D. His attachment style will likely change drastically as he grows up.

A. His internal working model of relationships promotes trust and security.

Sofia’s parents were inconsistent—sometimes attentive, sometimes neglectful. As an adult, Sofia often worries that her romantic partner will leave her and has difficulty trusting others. According to attachment theory, what explains this? A. She has formed a disorganized attachment model. B. Her internal working model from childhood influences her adult relationships. C. Her attachment style is unrelated to early experiences. D. She has a secure parent schema.

B. Her internal working model from childhood influences her adult relationships.

An adult who describes their childhood attachment relationships with openness and trust is likely classified as: A. Dismissive B. Secure C. Preoccupied D. Avoidant

B. Secure

Adults who are securely attached are more likely to: A. Be insensitive or inconsistent caregivers B. Have difficulty forming emotional bonds with their infants C. Provide sensitive caregiving to their children D. Ignore their child’s attachment needs

C. Provide sensitive caregiving to their children

Which adult attachment classification is characterized by discomfort with closeness and emotional distance? A. Secure B. Preoccupied C. Dismissive D. Anxious

C. Dismissive

Why is self-awareness important in the context of intergenerational attachment? A. It helps children develop independence B. It influences how parents form attachment relationships with their children C. It reduces the need for parental involvement D. It prevents infants from forming attachments

B. It influences how parents form attachment relationships with their children

Training programs for mothers primarily aim to: A. Reduce the child’s temperament B. Teach mothers to respond more effectively to their baby's needs C. Increase infants' independence D. Replace parental caregiving with childcare services

B. Teach mothers to respond more effectively to their baby's needs

Under what condition does childcare negatively affect the quality of attachment? A. When childcare is of high quality B. When childcare is poor quality and combined with maternal insensitivity C. When children attend childcare after 3 years of age D. Childcare never affects attachment quality

B. When childcare is poor quality and combined with maternal insensitivity

What is the effect of high-quality childcare on attachment? A. It has no negative effect on attachment quality B. It weakens the attachment bond C. It causes infants to prefer caregivers other than parents D. It delays infant cognitive development

A. It has no negative effect on attachment quality

Which factor is NOT mentioned as impacting the quality of attachment in this section? A. Self-awareness B. Maternal responsiveness C. Childcare quality D. Infant gender

D. Infant gender

Chapter 10 Flashcards

(84 cards)