excessive immune response
hypersensitivity
mechanisms of hypersensitivity
type 1: igE mediated
type 2: tissue specific reactions
type 3: immune complex mediated
type 4: cell mediated.
type 1 hypersensitivity
IgE mediated
immediate hypersensitivity: 12-10 minutes after exposure to antigen (allergy) s/s appear
primary effector cells of type 1
mast cells
basophils
- release chemicals that trigger immune response
primary mediators of type 1
histamine
proteases
chemotactic factors: ECF, NCF
s/s of type 1 hypersensitivty
hives. allergic rhinitis
eczema. bronchoconstriction
localized edema wheezing
tachycardia anaphylaxis
type 2 hypersensitivity
tissue specific, IgG, IgM mediated
- antibodies attack antigens on specific cells or tissues
examples of type 2 hypersensitivity
ABO transfusion reactions
hemolytic disease of newborn
myasthenia gravis
alloimmunity
immune system attacks antigens on tissues from other members of the same species.
type 3 hypersensitivity
immune complex reaction, IgG, IgM
- not tissue specific
- results from failure to remove complexes effectively.
deposits in tissues
3 scenarios for type 3
recent infection or persistent low-grade fever
- weak antibody response
- circulating antigen forms chronic immune complex production
extrinsic environmental antigen: mold, plants, animals
- inhaled, exposed to antibody in body fluid
- complex formation in alveoli
autoimmune process
- antibodies attack self antigens
- chronic immune complex production
type 4 hypersensitivity
delayed hypersensitivity reaction: T-cells.
cytotoxic T cells: activate apoptosis
helper t cells: activate phagocytic cells
examples of type 4
contact dermatitis
graft rejection
autoimmunity
immune system recognizes self as foreign, amounts immune response
autoimmunity can be caused by failure of
central or peripheral tolerance with T cells.
genetic factors and autoimmunity
females increased risk
gene factors
environmental triggers and autoimmunity
chronic or multiple viral/bacterial infections may trigger autoimmune disease in susceptible person.
immunodeficiency
decrease in one of more components of immune system
- lymphocytes
- antibodies
- phagocytes
- complement proteins
primary immunodeficiency disorders
congenital or acquired
secondary immunodeficiency disorders
consequence of non-immune system disorders/treatments: secondarily affects immune function.
- stress
- dietary insufficiencies
- malignancies
- physical trauma/burns
- medical treatments
- infections
- AIDS
Hallmark sign of immunodeficiency
recurrent infections, often with opportunistic organisms.
B & T cell combined disorder
severe combined immunodeficiency disorder (SCID)
- common stem cell for all WBC is missing
- will need stem cell transplant
T cell immunodeficiency disorders
- viral, fungal, yeast, and atypical microorganisms
- diGeorge syndrom: deletion syndrome: dec. or no thymus
- chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis
- genetic, T-cells doens produce cytokines needed for immune response to c. albicans.
B cell and phagocyte disorders
microorganisms requiring opsonization
- agammaglobulinemia: genetic disorder, lack of normal B cell development in bone marrow
- common variable immunodeficiency: low titers of immunoglobulins, inability to differentiate into plasma cells
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Intro to Patho32
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Cell structure and function93
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cpt 4: cell injury, aging and death70
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chapter 24: body fluid homoeostasis49
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Chapter 5 structure and function of DNA25
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chapter 6 genetic and developmental disorders and module 1 study guide71
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chapters 13,14,1198
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chapter 954
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chapter 1025
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Module 536
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exam 158
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module 6 neuronal communication108
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spinal cord injury13
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brain injury44
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pain physiology58
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chapter 4571
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fetal genital development8
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female reproductive system52
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male reproductive system21
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alterations of sexual maturation65
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disorders of male reproductive system27
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breast13
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STI15
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module 9 bone formation50
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module 9 joints18
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module 9 muscles25
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module 9 musculoskeletal injuries93
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module 9 disorders of skeletal muscles, peds, aging40
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module 6 chapter 46; ear, eye, taste, smell103
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module 7 hormones34
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module 7 endocrine organs/glands23
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Module 7 endocrine dysfunction65
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heart anatomy28
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Cardiac excitability/electro16
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blood flow and innervation39
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module 10 blood pressure35
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module 10 HTN and disorders56
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module 10 shock26
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module 10 congenital heart defects22
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module 10 vavles20
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module 10 synch session11
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module 11 functional anatomy of resp. system25
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module 11 ventilation20
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module 11 mechanics of breathing46
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module 11 general concepts in altered pulmonary function41
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module 11 obstructive lung disease25
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module 11 restrictive lung disease55
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module 11 pediatric33
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module 11 acid base25
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module 12 renal anatomy39
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module 12 regulation22
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module 12 age related changes24
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module 12 intra-renal disorders38
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module 12 glomerular disorders / AKI19
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module 12 acute tubular necrosis and CKD29
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module 12 lower urinary tract47
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module 12 congenital disorders10
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module 12 lecture20
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Module 13 general anatomy37
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Module 13 secretion and absorption21
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module 13 digestion and motility13
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module 13 pancreas33
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Upper GI disorders53
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module 13 lower GI disorders21
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module 13 malabsorption26
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module 13 hepatitis49
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module 13 DM30
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module 13 GI cancers11
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module 13 lecture14
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module 11 oncology overview15
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module 11 oncology supportive care23
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module 12 principles of anti-microbial therapy21
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module 12 beta-lactams penicillin19
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module 12 beta-lactams cephalosporins15
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module 12 beta-lactams carbapenems8
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module 12 other cell wall-acting agents12
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module 12 sulfonamides and UTI meds22
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module 12 protein synthesis inhibitors23
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module 12 protein inhibitors: aminoglycosides, oxalodidinones12
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module 12 cell membrane acting agents9
