bioprocess engineering
design large-scale processing of biological materials
metabolic engineering
analysis and redirection of metabolic activity of cells
pharmacological engineering
analysis of modes of drug administration and fate of drugs in body
cellular engineering
use of functional genomic concepts to predict changes in cellular function
nano-biotechnology
creation of devices or materials with nanometer scale precision and application in biological systems
sublingual
under the tongue
opthalmic
applied to eye
topical
applied directly
transdermal
absorbed through skin
controlled drug delivery
main goal: maintain levels of plasma or tissue drug levels at a constant level for a prolonged period
drug infusion pumps
disadvantages:
- drugs are maintained in liquid reservoir prior to delivery so only agents stable in solution or body temperature can be used
- bulky and expensive
-can be coupled with implanted biosensors for FEEDBACK CONTROL
controlled drug release polymers
- disadvantages of pumps can be avoided with these
- can be non-degradable polymers, biodegradable polymers, swellable polymers, or biopolymers
Reservoirs vs matrices
Reservoirs help with controlled delivery and a matrix basically just lets the molecules flow out
PLGA
most widely used as a biodegradable polymer
controlled delivery of proteins
- recombinant proteins are less stable and more difficult to deliver. they either are eliminated too quickly or are toxic when delivered systematically
- controlled release polymers may solve this by slowly releasing the protein for years, releasing to a local site
nano-biotechnology, challenges, emerging trends
can manipulate atoms within materials one at a time and construct materials with nanoscale precision. can make polymer delivery systems this way and could be internalized by cells because they are smaller challenges: - hard to make them emerging trends: - curing cancer
cell-based therapies
-delivering cells instead of drugs
EX: blood transfusion, transplants
DONOR DEPENDENT
Tissue engineering
-growing tissues outside of the body using biomaterials/scaffold coupled with cells to solve donor issue
Cells in culture
- primary cultures are derived from cells of a particular tissue
- need CULTURE MEDIUM (variety of vitamins, glucose, etc and serum from an animal for hormones is added usually)
adherent culture
cells are generally grown attached to surface and will form a monolayer
sub-culturing/passaging
to further propagate cells they have to be passaged which can produce a large number of cells from a single tissue source.
PROBLEM: properties of cells in culture can change and may create a CELL LINE(Makes them immortal with faster growth) if they don’t go through this cell line, they start to die
Where to get STEM cells?
from bone or adipose tissue, but starting to modify other cells and make them act like STEM cells
Coagulation cascade
- blood clot traps blood cells within network
- vascular grafts contact the clots and can form
- clots can stop blood flow to tissues (stroke)
