Chapter 2: The Cell

Question 1

What are Cells?

Answer 1

Cells are the structural “building blocks” of all plants and animals
Cells for all the structures of the body

Question 2

The Cell consists of

Answer 2

Cytoplasm:
*Cytosol
*Organelles
Plasmalemma:
*Cell membrane

Question 3

Organelles of the cell
Know this on the drawing of the cell
What are the non membranous organelles?

Answer 3

Cytoskeleton
Microvilli
Celia
Flagella
Ribosomes

Question 4

Organelles of the cell

Know this on the drawing of the cell What are membranous organelles?

Answer 4

Mitochondria
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum(ER)
Golgi apparatus 
Lysosomes
Peroxisomes

Question 5

What is the Plasmalemma made of? What is the function of the plasmalemma?

Answer 5

• It is made of phospholipid bilayer(fat)
• Physical isolation (fats and water don’t mix)
  - separate the fluid environment inside the cell [intracellular fluid or ICF] from the environment outside the cell [extracellular fluid or ECF]
• cell to cell communication/Adhesion/structural support
• regulation of exchange with the environment [permeability]

Question 6

What is Phagocytosis?

Answer 6

When the cell membrane engulfs an outside substance

ie)bacteria

Question 7

What is microvilli?

Answer 7

• Finger-like projections on top of a cell

* They increase surface area at the top of the cell- helps with absorption

Question 8

What is the function of the Cytoskeleton?

Answer 8

• It provides strength and structural support for the cell in its organelles
• it’s the building frame or skeleton of the cell

Question 9

Cellular anatomy
Non-membranous organelles [more details]
RIBOSOMES

Answer 9

There are two kinds of ribosomes
-Free ribosomes: flow in the cytoplasm

-Fixed ribosomes: attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

Both are involved in producing proteins
* “Assembly line” of the cell

Question 10

Cellular anatomy
Membranous organelles (more details)
1.Mitochondria

Answer 10

1. Mitochondria produce ATP by taking the oxygen from the air we breathe and taking a molecule from our food, use the oxygen to break apart the food molecule,release energy and make ATP
   
   • Power plant of the cell

Question 11

Cellular anatomy
Membranous organelles (more details)
2. Nucleus

Answer 11

1. Controls and regulates the activities of the cell

* Control center of the cell

Question 12

Cellular anatomy
Membranous organelles (more details)
3. Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 12

There are two types
-rough endoplasmic reticulum(RER)
With ribosomes and synthesize proteins

-smooth endoplasmic reticulum(SER)
Without ribosomes and synthesizes non-proteins: lipids, steroids, and carbohydrates

Question 13

Cellular anatomy
Membranous organelles (more details)
4.Golgi apparatus

Answer 13

“Fed Ex”-The packaging and shipping center of the cell

Packaging of enzymes (proteins)

Renewal and modification of the plasmalemma

Question 14

Cellular anatomy
Membranous organelles (more details)
5. Lysosomes

Answer 14

~Destroy ingested particles.
{“Wrecking crew of the cell”}
~ recycle damaged organelles
~ sometimes rupture, does killing the entire cell which is called “autolysis”

Question 15

Cellular anatomy
Membranous organelles (more details)
6. Peroxisomes

Answer 15

~Toxic waste removal or “hazmat team”of the cell
~ Convert hydrogen peroxide water and oxidant (the body creates hydrogen peroxide)
~ Peroxisomes are abundant in the liver cells and consist of catalase

Question 16

What is Intercellular attachment?

What are examples of intracellular attachment?

Answer 16

-When Many cells form permanent or temporary attachment to other cells

Examples are

• Gap junctions (or “communicating junctions”)
• Adhering junctions
  - Tight junctions
  - Anchoring junctions

Question 17

Intercellular attachment

What are Gap(or communicating) junctions?

Answer 17

They are intercellular attachments that permit the free diffusion of ions and small molecules between two cells

Question 18

Intercellular attachment

Adhering junction
-What are tight(or occluding) junctions

Answer 18

A tight junction is formed by the fusion of the outer layers of two plasmalemmae.

They prevent the diffusion of fluids and solutes between the cells

Question 19

Intercellular attachment

What are Anchoring junctions

What are desmosomes?

Answer 19

• Anchor injunctions attach one cell to another
• Desmosomes a small, localized anchoring junction
  - they are most abundant in superficial layers of the skin

Question 20

Label the Organelles of a typical cell
Know:

Non-membranous: cytoskeleton, microvilli, cilia, flagella, ribosomes

Membranous: mitochondria, nucleus, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes