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NeuroEndo > chapter 20.2b gastro > Flashcards

chapter 20.2b gastro Flashcards

1
Q

what is the order of the GI tract

A

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, rectum, anus

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2
Q

muscular tube from pharynx to stomach

A

esophagus

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3
Q

upper 1/3rd esophagus vs lower 1/3rd

A

upper - skeletal m

lower - smooth m

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4
Q

empty volume stomach vs full volume

A

empty - 50 mL

full - 1000 mL

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5
Q

thickest muscle layer and produces the strong contractions responsible for gastric mixing and emptying

A

antrum

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6
Q

secreted by chief cells; precursor of pepsin

A

pepsinogen

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7
Q

enzyme that digests proteins

A

pepsin

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8
Q

secreted by parietal cells; maintain acidic environment of stomach

A

hydrogen ions

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9
Q

secreted by parietal cells; necessary for absorption of B12

A

intrinsic factor

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10
Q

secreted from G cells (hormone)

A

gastrin

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11
Q

secreted from neck cells

A

mucus

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12
Q

pH of the stomach

A

2

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13
Q

primary site of digestion and absorption

A

small intestine

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14
Q

three divisions of the small intestine

A

duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

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15
Q

pancreatic juices enter the

A

duodenum (bicarbonate to neutralize acidic chyme)

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16
Q

epithelial cells in crypts secrete bicarbonate rich fluid - crypts called

A

crypts of lieberkuhn

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17
Q

absorbed nutrients travel in the blood to the ____ before entering the general circulation

A

liver

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18
Q

liver function

A

detoxify substances and processes certain nutrients

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19
Q

large intestine consists of

A

cecum, colon, and rectum

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20
Q

concentrates wastes into feces, absorbs most water

A

colon

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21
Q

four sections of the colon

A

ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid

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22
Q

secretes saliva

A

salivary gland

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23
Q

secretes pancreatic juice

A

pancreas

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24
Q

secretes bile

A

liver

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25
Q

what enzymes are present in saliva

A

salivary amylase and lysozyme

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26
Q

___ portion of pancreas produces pancreatic juice

A

exocrine

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27
Q

secretes more protein than any other tissue in the body

A

pancreas

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28
Q

enzymes present in pancreas

A

pancreatic amylase and lipase, proteases, nucleases

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29
Q

(liver) glucose ->

A

glycogen

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30
Q

(liver) amino acids ->

A

fatty acids

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31
Q

what stores bile

A

gallbladder

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32
Q

regulates flow from pancreas and gallbladder to duodenum

A

sphincter of oddi

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33
Q

___ secrete bile into bile canaliculi, on the side opposite of the sinuosoids

A

hepatocytes

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34
Q

lining of lumen of GI tract

A

mucosa

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35
Q

connective tissue of GI tract

A

submucosa

36
Q

smooth muscle of GI tract

A

muscularis externa

37
Q

deep connective tissue of GI tract

A

serosa

38
Q

submucosal plexus

A

Meissner’s plexus (part of ENS)

39
Q

myenteric plexus

A

Auerbach’s plexus (2nd part of ENS)

40
Q

ENS

  • myenteric (auerbach plexus)
  • submucosal (meissner plexus)
A

intrinsic control

41
Q

ANS

  • para (stimulate Ach)
  • sym (inhibit Ach)
A

extrinsic control

42
Q

plexus is to control GI motility

  • stimulatory influences: increase tone and propulsion
  • inhibitory influences: decreased sphincter tone
A

myenteric (auerbach) plexus

43
Q

plexus is to local control of GI

  • secretion
  • absorption
  • contraction of muscularis mucosa
A

submucosal (messiner) plexus

44
Q

parasympathetics ___ ENS

A

excite

45
Q

parasympathetics pre gang vs post gang length

A

pre gang - long

post gang - short (all ENS)

46
Q

sympathetics pre gang vs post gang length

A

pre gang - long (T5-L2 via prevertebral ganglia)

post gang - long terminate in ENS

47
Q

inhibitory influences on sympathetics

A

decreasing activity of ENS, direct effect to inhibit SM

48
Q

pre gang efferent neurons

A

Ach

49
Q

post gang efferent neurons

A

PNS - Ach

SNS - NO

50
Q

ENS excitatory vs inhibitory NT

A

excite - Ach, substance P, serotonin

inhibit - VIP, NO

51
Q

____ reflex controls gastric motor and secretory activity

A

vagovagal reflex

52
Q

____ reflex overall inhibitory of GI tract

A

pain reflex

53
Q

only ____ of carbs are absorbed

A

monosaccharides

54
Q

what enzymes break down starch

A

salivary and pancreatic amylase

55
Q

limit dextrins -> glucose

A

dextrinase

56
Q

polysaccharides -> glucose

A

glucosamylase

57
Q

sucrose -> fructose + glucose

A

sucrase

58
Q

lactose -> galactose + glucose

A

lactase

59
Q

maltose -> 2 glucose

A

maltase

60
Q

absorption of glucose and galactose

A
  1. 2nd active transport across apical membrane

2. facilitated diffusion across basolateral membrane

61
Q

absorption of fructose

A

facilitated diffusion across both membranes

62
Q

typical diet carbs, protein, and fats amount

A

carbs- 500
protein - 125
fats - 50

63
Q

protein digestion products

A

amino acids, dipeptides, tripeptides

64
Q

split polypeptides at interior peptide bonds into small peptide fragments

A

endopeptidases

65
Q

cleave amino acids from one end of polypeptide

A

exopeptidases

66
Q

inactive storage form of proteases

A

zymogens

67
Q

protein digestion begins in the

A

stomach (pepsin)

68
Q

___ cleaves pepsinogen to pepsin

A

HCl

69
Q

what secretes HCl

A

parietal cells

70
Q

pancreatic proteases in small intestine

A

trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase

71
Q

absorption of amino acids

A

cross apical membrane by Na linked 2ndary active transport or facilitated diffusion

72
Q

absorption of dipeptides and tripeptides

A

cross the apical membrane by ACTIVE transport

73
Q

lipid enzyme

A

lipase (secreted by pancreas)

74
Q

emulsify fat

A

bile salts

75
Q

what makes up triglycerides

A

monoglyceride + 3 fatty acids

76
Q

lipids enter ____ to be packaged into chylomicrons

A

Golgi appartatus

77
Q

secreted by exocytosis into interstitial fluid and enter lymphatic system via lacteal

A

chylomicrons

78
Q

what vitamin is only bound to intrinsic factor

A

B12

79
Q

Na is actively absorbed where

A

jejunum, ileum, and colon

80
Q

passively follows Na absorption

A

chloride

81
Q

secreted when lumenal concentrations are very low

A

K

82
Q

actively absorbed in duodenum and jejunum

A

Ca

83
Q

____ increases Ca absorption by increasing the concentration of Ca binding protein

A

1,25 (OH)2 D3

84
Q

transferrin is secreted by enterocytes into the lumen of the small intestine

A

iron

85
Q

water in GI secretions L vs intake L

A

secretions - 7L/day

intake - 2 L/day

NeuroEndo (6 decks)

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