1
Q
anatomy of the respiratory system
-6 main structures
A
- Nose (upper)
- pharynx (upper)
- larynx (lower)
- trachea (lower)
- bronchi (lower)
- lung (lower)
2
Q
the nose and nasal cavity
- lined by what
- 6 structures
- 2 functions
A
- respiratory epithelium
- superior nasal conchae
- middle nasal conchae
- inferior nasal conchae
- external nare
- hard palate
- internal nare
- superior nasal conchae
- primary passage way for air
- filters, warms and humidifies air
- primary passage way for air
3
Q
respiratory epithelium
- type of epithelium
- modified with what
A
- pseudostratified columnar epithelium
- cilia and contains globlet cells
4
Q
the pharynx
-3 parts
A
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
5
Q
nasopharynx
- lined by
- contains what 3 structures
A
- lined by respiratory epithelium
- contains internal nare, entrance to auditory tube and pharyngeal tonsil
6
Q
oropharynx
- lined by
- contains what 2 structures
A
- lined by stratified squamous epithelium
- lingual tonsil and palatine tonsil
7
Q
laryngopharynx
-lined by
A
lined by stratified squamous epithelium
8
Q
the larynx
- made of
- begins at
- anterior view (4 structures)
A
- mostly hyaline cartilage
- begins at ~ C4 and ends at ~C6
- hyoid bone
- thyroid cartilage
- laryngeal prominence
- cricoid cartilage
- hyoid bone
9
Q
glottis
A
air leaves pharynx and enters larynx through this
10
Q
hyoid bone
-function
A
serves as an attachment site for muscles of the larynx, pharynx and tongue
11
Q
thyroid cartilage
A
incomplete cartilage ring
12
Q
laryngeal prominence
-known as
A
adam’s apple
13
Q
cricoid cartilage
A
a complete cartilage ring
14
Q
3 structures located inside the larynx
A
- vestibular ligament
- vocal ligament
- corniculate cartilage
15
Q
3 structures located on the posterior side of the larynx
A
- epiglottis
- arytenoid cartilage
- cricoid cartilage
16
Q
epiglottis
A
elastic cartilage
17
Q
what is the function of the corniculate cartilage and the arytenoid cartilage
A
function in the opening and closing of the glottis
18
Q
2 functions of the larynx
A
- prevents liquids and solids from entering the larynx
2. sound production
19
Q
what structure folds over and covers the glottis during swallowing
A
the epiglottis
20
Q
sound production
A
air passes through glottis and vibrates vocal folds which produce sound waves
21
Q
vocal fold
- what does voice range depend on
- what does pitch depend on
- what does loudness depend on
A
- depends on the length of the vocal folds
- depends on the tension applied to the vocal folds
- depends on the force of air passing across the vocal folds
22
Q
short vocal folds = ____ sound
long vocal folds = ____ sound
A
- higher
- deeper
23
Q
increased tension on vocal folds = ____ pitch
decreased tension = ___ pitch
A
- higher
- lower
24
Q
more air passing across vocal folds =
A
louder voice
25
phonation
sound production at the larynx
26
articulation
- what modifies the produced sound
- what is also important for speech
- tongue, teeth and lips
| - nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses
27
the trachea
- lined by
- contains
- stretches from
- ___ shaped cartilage
- lined by respiratory epithelium
- contains 15-20 tracheal cartilages
- C6 to T5
- C shaped
28
function of tracheal cartilages
keeps trachea from collapsing
29
trachealis muscle
- relaxation
- contraction
- allows for
- increases the diameter of the trachea (sympathetic stimulation)
- decreases the diameter of the trachea
- distortion as food passes through esophagus
30
what in the trachea moves mucus against gravity
cilia and it pushes mucus and trapped particles towards pharynx and into esophagus
31
lungs
- location
- separated from eachother by what
- lined by
- within in the thoracic cavity (lateral sides)
- mediastinum
- lined by a serous membrane called the pleura
32
pleura
| -2 types
1. parietal pleura
| 2. visceral pleura
33
parietal pleura
adhered to chest wall
34
visceral pleura
adhered to lung tissue
35
pleural cavity
- contains
- function
contains fluid
| -serves as a lubricant and helps to keep the lungs open
36
right lung
- number of lobes and names
- number and name of fissures
- 3; superior, middle and inferior
| - 2, horizonal fissure and oblique fissure
37
left lung
- number of lobes and names
- number of fissures and names
- special feature
- 2; superior and inferior
- 1; oblique fissure
- cardiac notch
38
what does the horizontal fissure separate in the right lung
| -oblique?
- superior and middle lobe
| - middle and inferior lobe
39
what does the oblique fissure separate in the left lung
-superior and inferior lobe
40
hilum of the right lung contains
pulmonary arteries, veins and secondary bronchi
41
the bronchial tree
- definition
- 2 functional categories
- primary bronchi and their branches
- 1. conducting zone
2. functional (respiratory) zone
42
conducting zone
terminal bronchioles upward
43
functional (respiratory) zone
respiratory bronchioles and alveoli
44
general consideration as you proceed down the bronchial tree
1. decrease in cartilage
2. increased in smooth muscle
3. decrease in columnar epithelium
4. columnar epithelium
5. decrease in number of cilia
45
what is smooth muscle innervated by
- sym
- parasym
by ANS
- bronchodilation
- bronchoconstriction
46
traveling down bronchial tree
| - 9 structures
1. trachea
2. primary bronchus
3. secondary bronchus
4. tertiary bronchus
5. smaller bronchi
6. bronchioles
7. terminal bronchioles (conducting zone and up)
8. respiratory bronchioles (respiratory zone and down)
9. alveolar sac
47
alveolar sac
- location
- epithelium
pulmonary lobule
| -simple squamous epithelium
48
the pulmonary lobule
- definition
- contains what
- functional unit of the lung
| - the pulmonary artery and vein, respiratory passageways, lymphatics and nerves
49
branch of pulmonary artery carries what type of blood
| -pulmonary vein?
- deO2 blood
| - O2 blood
50
structures of the respiratory
1. respiratory bronchiole
2. arteriole
3. capillary beds
4. branch of pulmonary vein
5. alveolar duct
6. alveoli
7. connective tissue
51
connective tissue of the pulmonary lobule contains
trabeculae
52
trabeculae
- contains
- function
- smooth muscle, elastic fibers and lymphatic vessels
| - help to divide lobes into smaller compartments (lobules)
53
the alveolus and respiratory membrane
- type of tissue
- 2 cells types
simple squamous epithelium
- 1. pneumocyte I
2. pneumocyte II
54
pneumocyte I
very thin, squamous epithelium
55
pneumocyte II
"septal cells", produces surfactant
56
surfactant
- secreted onto where
- 2 functions
- not produced until when
- onto alveolar surfaces
- 1. acts to reduce surface tension
2. prevents alveoli from collapsing
- 6th fetal month
57
absence of surfactant
alveoli collapse and gas exchange cannot occur
58
respiratory membrane
- definition
- 3 layers
- where gas exchange occurs
- 1. squamous epithelial cells linings the alveolus
2. the endothelial cells lining the capillary
3. fused basal lamina that lie between the alveolar and endothelial cells
59
why can the diffusion of CO2 and O2 occur very rapidly?
because the distance is short and gases are lipid soluable
60
2 integrated processes of respiration
1. external respiration
| 2. internal respiration
61
external respiration
- definition
- between what
exchange of O2 and CO2 between interstitial fluids and the external environment
-lungs and blood in pulmonary capillaries
62
internal respiration
- definition
- between what
- exchanges of O2 and CO2 by body cells
| - between systematic capillaries and tissues
63
3 steps involved in respiration
1. pulmonary ventilation
2. gas diffusion
3. transport of O2 and CO2
64
pulmonary ventilation
- definition
- function
breathing; physical movement of air into and out of lungs
| -maintain adequate movement of air into and out of alveoli
65
gas diffusion
| -exchanges where
across the respiratory membrane and across capillary walls between blood and tissues
66
transport of O2 and CO2
| -exchanges where
between alveolar capillaries and capillary beds in tissues
67
hypoxia
low tissue O2 levels
68
Anoxia
- definition
- causes
- ex
- no O2 in tissues
- rapid cell death
- stroke, heart attack
69
Gas pressure
pressure of a gas exerted by the collision of gas molecules with the walls of a container
70
boyle's law
- definition
- increased volume
- decreased volume
- for gas in a closed container at constant temp; pressure is inversely proportional to volume
- decreased pressure
- increased pressure
71
2 types of pressures in the respiratory system
1. intrapulmonary pressure
| 2. intrapleural pressure
72
intrapulmonary pressure
pressure inside the respiratory tract which varies
73
intrapleural pressure
- between what
- pressure is generally ___
- known as a
- function
- lungs and chest wall
- negative
- vacuum
- helps keep lungs open during respiration
74
the mechanisms of breathing: inspiration
| -3 steps
1. external intercostals contract which pulls chest upward
2. diaphragm contracts and moves down which increases the depth of the thorax
3. overall increase in volume of thoracic cavity
75
the mechanisms of breathing: expiration
| -3 steps
- passive (generally)
1. external intercostals relax which causes chest to depress
2. diaphragm relaxes which moves upward; decreases depth of throrax
3. overall decrease in volumes of throacic cavity
76
forced expiration
abdominal muscles and internal intercostals contract
A&P 2 lecture
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