1
Q
what was the key issue with religion?
A
whether the settlement was complete or whether there was scope for change
2
Q
who did puritanism emerge amongst?
A
those who considered the settlement to be incomplete
3
Q
what did puritans believe in?
A
the eradication of ‘popish superstition’
4
Q
what can the emergence of puritans be traced back to?
A
the failure of the convocation of canterbury in 1563 to go further in its reform of the church
5
Q
what was the vestiarian controversy?
A
- several figures within the church decided that they could not obey the rules on clerical dress laid down in the act of uniformity and royal injunctions as this specified the wearing of catholic and therefore ‘supersitious’ dress
- the queen forced the issue by dismissing the prominent oxford academic thomas sampson from his post at christ church college for his refusal to wear the required vestments
6
Q
what happened when archbishop parker, and 5 bishops, issued the ‘advertisments’ in march 1566?
A
37 london clergymen refused to signify their support and were consequently deprived of their posts
7
Q
what were the ‘advertisments’?
A
they required the clergy to follow ‘one uniformity of rites and manners’ in the administration of sacraments and ‘one decent behaviour in their outward apparel’
8
Q
what did the vestiarian controversy show?
A
- the extent of the queen’s determination to enofrce the settlement
- but reforming bishops were caught between conflicting pressures: the need to obey the royal supremacy and the desire to remove the remaining vestiges of catholic practice within the church
9
Q
what did presbytarians believe?
A
they believed that the church of england, which was already calvinist in its doctrine, should be further reformed in its structure and its forms of worship
10
Q
what did the presybytarian movement emerge partially in response to?
A
the vestiarian controversy
11
Q
what it import to note about puritans and presbytarians?
A
not all puritans were presbytarian
12
Q
what did some did some presbytarians begin to question?
A
- the scriptural basis for the authority of bishops and other aspects of the church
- the criticisms were voiced in two pamphlets known as the two admonitions, whose main author was john field
13
Q
what did the two admonitions do?
A
- the first admonition attacked the book of common prayer and called for the abolition of bishops
- the second admonition provided a detailed description of a presbytarian system of church government
14
Q
what followed the two admonitions?
A
- a pamphlet war between Thomas Cartwright, a cambridge academic and the spiritual leader of the presbytarian movement, and the vice-chancellor of cambridge university, John Whitgift
- cartwright believed that a church founded on ‘supersitious’ or ‘popish’ principles must be spiritually flawed and the 1559 settlement had to be modified
- while whitgift argued that the presbytarians’ attitude was destructive and would split the church
15
Q
where was presbytarianism geographically confined to?
A
London, Essex, cambridge uni, suffolk and parts of the east midlands
16
Q
what high-ranking support did the presbytarian movement have?
A
- the Earl of Huntingdon, the earl of leicester and even lord burghley saw the advantages of presbytarianism against the influence of catholicism.
- all 3 of them defended clergymen who fell foul of the authorities because of thier alleged sympathy for the presbytarian movement
17
Q
what was a synod?
A
a church council that in this context would exist outside the official church hierarchy
18
Q
how did the presbytarian movement grow in the 1580s?
A
ideas for church government through local assemblies and provincial and national synods were developed, but attempts to bring change through parliament failed, despite the efforts of peter turner in 1584 and anthony cope in 1587
19
Q
what was whitgift determined to do?
A
destroy presbytarianism
20
Q
what three articles, issued by whitgift, did the clergy have to subscribe to?
A
- acknowledgement of the royal supremacy
- acceptance of the prayer book as containing nothing ‘contrary to the word of god’
- acceptance that the thirty-nine articles conformed to the word of god
21
Q
why did the second article create a crisis of conscience for many clergy, not just presbytarians?
A
some thought that some parts of the prayer book lacked scriptural justification
22
Q
why did whitgift have to reduce the second article to just acceptance of the prayer book?
A
he was forced to back down under pressure from councillors such as leicester and walsingham
23
Q
why were most clergy able to justify accepting the reduced second article?
A
by arguin that their preaching ensured godliness within the church
24
Q
what elements of success did whitgift’s campaign against presbytarianism have?
A
he forced burghley’s protégé, george gifford, out of his post, and cartwright was refused a licence to preach, despite leicester’s pleas
25
why did treating radicals and moderates alike create problems for whitgift?
- he caused much despair among clergymen
- moreover, while he undoubtedly had the support of the queen, his policies and attitudes were regarded with suspicion by many of her ministers
26
why was presbytarianism in decline by the late 1580s?
- very few puritan clergy were prepared to break with the church by refusing to accept the three articles
- the failure of Cope's 'Bill and book' in 1587 showed the futility of a parliamentary approach
- it was further weakened by the death of its key organiser, John Field, in 1589
- no synod was held after 1589 and the reputation of the presbytarian movement suffered on account of the satirical marprelate tracts
27
what were the marprelate tracts?
a set of scurrilous and satirical attacks written in the late 1580s about some of the bishops of the time
28
what were sectaries?
a term used, usually with disapproval, to describe members of sects which had separated from the church of england
29
what was the most extreme form of puritanism?
separitism
30
how did most mainstream puritans view separitists?
with abhorrence
31
what were the beliefs of separtists?
- they wanted to separate from the church of england altogether
- separatists regarded the church of england as incapable of reforming itself sufficiently to root out all 'popish' or 'superstitious' practices and they wanted to create independent church congregations
- they were resolutely opposed to the queen's status as supreme governor of the church of england
32
what did separitism emerge as a movement?
the 1580s
33
why is robert browne significant with separatism?
he became the leader of significant congregation in norwich, but his challenge soon petered out, and he went into exile in the netherlands with some of his congregation in 1582
- he later returned to england and made his peace with the authorities in 1585, aided by the good offices of his relative, Lord Burghley
34
why was the act againt seditious sectaries passed in 1593?
- henry barrow and john greenwood led separitist movements in London, although the number involved were small
- under the act Barrow, greenwood and john penry were tried and executed 'for devising and circulating seditious books'
35
why did puritan influence decline in the late 1580s?
- partly because of the deaths of Leicester, Mildmay and walsingham, its political supporters at court.
- and partly because the defeat of the spanish armada reduced the perceived threat of catholicism and lessened its attractions
36
why did puritan attitudes become more acceptable within the traditional church structure?
the disappearance of presbyterianism
37
how were the fundamentally calvinist beliefs of the CofE confirmed?
- the lambeth articles of 1595, which proved acceptable to puritans and their opponents such as whitgift alike
- furthermore, the 1559 book of common prayer was accepted by both as the basis for an acceptable form of worship
38
what is elizabeth often quoted as saying?
as not wishing to make 'windows into mens souls'
39
what was toleration of catholics at the beginning of her reign conditional on?
obdience
40
what was rarely demanded?
fines for recusants (at the beginning)
41
what was much energy spent on?
- removing catholic imagery from parish churches and on searching out images that had been hidden away
- furthermore, the old religious 'mystery plays' were abolished because of their link to the feast of corpus christi and hence to the doctrine of transubstantiation
42
how did most english catholics survive?
as church papists - outwardly conforming and obeying the law by attending anglican services
43
what did an active minority of catholics follow?
the catholic bishops who had refused to conform to the oath of supremacy
44
what did some catholic intellectuals do?
go into exile, most commonly in the spanish netherlands
45
how did some priests survive?
as private chaplains to catholic members of the nobility who protected them or conducted secret catholic services
46
what did the northern rebellion provoke with regards to the treatment of catholics?
a more punitive attitude
47
what placed english catholics in an impossible position?
- elizabeth being excommunicated and the pope Pius V calling on all loyal catholics to depose her
- catholics were now forced to choose between loyalty to their church and loyalty to their monarch
48
what did the 1571 act against catholcis do?
made the publication of papal bulls treasonable
49
what did the 1581 Act to Retain the Queen's Majesty's Subjects in their due obedience do?
- this made it treason to withdraw subjects' allegiance to either the queen or the church of england
- saying mass became punishable by a heavy fine and imprisonment and the fine for non-attendance at church was raised to the prohibitive figure of £20 a month
- although the laity were not too harshly treated, four catholic priests were executed in 1581, and 11 in 1582
50
what did the 1585 Act against Jesuit and Seminary Priests do?
- made it treasonable for priests ordained under the pope's authority to enter england
- this made it much easier for the courts to secure convictions for treason; 123 priests were convicted under the terms of this act from 1586 to 1603
51
how was the law against recusants tightened further in 1587?
any recusant who defaulted on his payment of fines could have two thirds of his estate seized by the exchequer.
52
when was the persecution of recusants at its height?
1588-92
53
what was the tightening of anti-catholic legislation a response to?
- partly because of the international situation, worsening relations with spain
- partly in response to the fear of catholic rebellion, made worse by the onset of catholic missions of priests intent on upholding and spreading the catholic faith
54
how was the pressure against catholics furthered by the drafting of a 'Bond of Association for the preservation of the queen's majesty's royal person' in october 1584? (in response to the throckmorton plot?
anyone who took the oath of association was required to execute summarily (murder) anyone who attempted to usurp the crown or make an attempt on elizabeth's life
55
who drafted the 'Bond of Association for the preservation of the queen's majesty's royal person' in october 1584?
burghley and walsingham
56
when was a college founded at douai, in the spanish netherlands, to train catholic priests to be sent to england and convert people?
1568
57
when did seminary priests begin to arrive?
- by 1575 there were 11 in england
- by 1580 there were about 100
- 179 arrived between 1580 and 1585
58
why was being a seminary priest dangerous work?
- they had to operate, in secretive circumstances, from the country houses of catholic gentry and aristocracy
- from 1585, merely being a catholic priests was enough to incur the death penalty
59
what was the society of Jesus?
formally recognised as a religious order in 1540, this looked actively to reconvert places which had become protestant during the reformation
60
when did the society of jesus first begin sending jesuit priests to england?
1580
61
what did the jesuits combine?
high intelligence and organisational skills with a dedication to the cause of the restoration of catholicism to england
62
who were the first jesuits to attempt to re-catholicise england?
robert parsons and edmund campion (campion was executed in 1581)
63
why was the success of the catholic missions limited?
- while the catholic gentry were able to retain their faith, humbler catholics were often ignored
- the educated priests associated more readily with their protectors than the 'ordinary people' and often became more like household chaplains
- catholicism thus became more of a 'country-house religion' than the popular faith it had been in the 1560s
- priests themselves necame divided as a result of a bitter dispute over leadership of the missionary movement, thereby weakening the catholic mission
- most landed and stayed in the south, where there was less catholic support
64
what was one aspect of shakespeare's distinctive appeal?
his ability to appeal both to an educated elite and to the 'groundlings' who attended performances in large numbers
65
did formal portraiture remain important?
yes, with the queen a frequent sitter, as were courtiers, especially the earl of leicester, along with sitters from the gentry and mercantile classes
66
what became culturally the most important aspect of elizabethan painting? (as a result of the lack of an artist as skilful as holbein)
the portrait miniature, whose most technically gifted exponents were nicholas hilliard and isaac oliver
67
why was it a golden age in architecture, despite the queen's reluctance to commission new buildings?
her courtiers and other wealthy individuals made up for this lack, often being able to afford extravagant building projects because of the family acquisition of former monastic land at knock-down prices
68
who was the first named english architect?
Robert Smythson, who worked on longleat in wiltshire and wollaton hall in nottinghamshire as well as on a series of other country houses
69
what did the increased educational opportunities of the sixteenth century lead to?
the emergence of a highly literate and often quite sophisticated viewing and reading public
70
which notable playwrights were there?
shakespeare, thomas kyd and christopher marlowe
71
describe the increasingly sophisticated infrastructure for the production of plays in london?
- companies of actors operated under the patronage of courtiers, most importantly the lord chamberlain's men, of which shakespeare was a member
- however, the companies operated within a competitive market environment at theatres such as the globe and the swan
- these placed an emphasis on the ability of dramatists such as shakespeare to produce new plays on a regular basis to appeal to audiences drawn from across the social classes
72
what was the most notorious of shakespeare's plays having political connotations?
the sponsoring at the globe theatre by supporters of the earl of essex of a performance of richard II, a medieval king who had been the victim of usurption in 1399
elizabeth was alleged to have remarked 'I am richard. Knowe ye not that?'
73
what was an exception to most prose literature having a narrow readership?
Foxe's book of martyrs, which had a wide readership amongst 'godly' puritans
74
who were the two most influential writers?
- Sir Philip Sidney and Edmund Spenser
- Sidney saw himself as a conscious moderniser of the english language through the adaptation of classical forms
- he was largely responsible for the revival of the sonnet in english poetry and was therefore an essential precursor of shakespeare in that context
- despite their courtly connections, both sidney and spenser were political outsiders; some of their work can be seen as being highly critical of the elizabethan court
75
was elizabeth as skilful musician?
yes
76
what was elizabeth responsible for with regard to music?
for saving the musical culture of english cathedrals and oxbridge colleges which were threatened by protestant reformers who emphasised the importance of the word of god rather than the 'beauty of holiness'
77
who were the greatest composers of the reign?
- Thomas Tallis and William Byrd
- both wrote extensively for the church of england
- each of them, however, was catholic and Byrd, in particular, demonstrated the strength of his catholicisim in works composed in secrecy for his catholic patrons
78
what did renaissance convention lay down?
that courtiers should be skilled musically
79
what encouraged the development of the madrigal?
renaissance convention laying down that courtiers should be musically skilled
80
what was the madrigal?
a musical form that originated in Italy, as a complex part-song that could be sung by a small mixed-voice choir and whose most important composers were Thomas Morley and Thomas Weelkes
81
what is a notable exception to madrigals usually being non-political?
- in 1601 Morley put together a collection of 25 madrigals by 23 different composers entitled 'the triumph of oriana' which explicitly honoured the queen
- music was therefore a means of reinforcing the 'Gloriana' myth which sustained support for the queen at a time when her reputation was slipping
82
why did instrumental music and song flourish at a more popular level?
- many towns had official bands (waits) who performed on formal occasions and who presumably performed informally on other occasions
- broadside ballads, songs printed cheaply on a single sheet of paper, became popular.
- often these were extremely bawdy; the innuendo in a popular song such as Watkins' ale in unmistakable
Tudors
flashcards
Decks in class (24)
# Cards
-
Chapter 1 - The consolidation of power60
-
Chapter 2 - Henry VII's government90
-
Chapter 3 - England's relations with Scotland other foreign powers63
-
Chapter 4 - English society at the end of the fifteenth century59
-
Chapter 5 - Economic development: trade, exploration, prosperity and depression41
-
Chapter 6 - Religion, humanism, arts and learning77
-
Chapter 7 - The character and aims of Henry VIII29
-
Chapter 8 - Henry VIII, government and parliament123
-
Chapter 9 - Foreign relations and securing the succession107
-
Chapter 10 - English Society in the reign of Henry VIII55
-
Chapter 11 - Economic development in the reign of Henry VIII30
-
Chapter 12 - Religion, ideas and reform87
-
Chapter 13 - Edward VI, Somerset and Northumberland54
-
Chapter 14 - The social impact of religious and economic change under Edward VI80
-
Chapter 15 - Mary I and her ministers32
-
Chapter 16 - The Social impact of religious and economic changes under Mary I75
-
Chapter 17 - Elizabeth I: Character and aims55
-
Chapter 18 - The impact of economic, social and religious developments in the early years of elizabeth's rule23
-
Chapter 19 - Elizabethan government, 1563-160374
-
Chapter 20 - Foreign affairs74
-
Chapter 21 - Society in Elizabethan England51
-
Chapter 22 - Economic development in Elizabethan England41
-
Chapter 23 - Religious developments and the 'golden age' of elizabethan culture82
-
Chapter 24 - The last years of Elizabeth11
