1
Q
Describe benzene
A
A colourless, sweet smelling, highly flammable liquid
2
Q
Where is benzene found ?
A
- It is found naturally in crude oil
- Found in cigarette smoke
3
Q
What is benzene classified as ?
A
A carcinogen
4
Q
What is a carcinogen ?
A
Something that can cause cancer
5
Q
What is benzene also classed as ?
A
An arene
6
Q
What is the reactivity of benzene like ?
A
Even though it has three double bonds it is fairly unreactive
7
Q
What does the reactivity of benzene disprove ?
A
It disproves the kekule structure of benzene
8
Q
What did Kekule suggest the structure of benzene was ?
A
A six membered ring of carbon atoms joined by alternate single and double bonds
9
Q
What are the three main evidences that disprove kekules structure ?
A
- The lack of reactivity of benzene
- The length of the C-C bonds in benzene
- The hydrogenation enthalpies of benzene
10
Q
Explain the lack of reactivity of benzene
A
- If benzene contained C=C bonds it should decolourise bromine in an electrophilic addition reaction
- However benzene does not undergo electrophilic addition reactions
- It does not decolourise bromine under normal conditions
- This means that it does not have C=C bonds
11
Q
How can the length of bonds be measured in chemistry ?
A
Using the X - ray diffraction method
12
Q
Explain the length of the C-C bonds in benzene
A
- Bond length in benzene is 0.139 nm
- This is in between the bond length of a single and double bond
13
Q
Explain the hydrogenation enthalpies of benzene
A
- If benzene had the kekule structure then it would be expected to have an enthalpy change of hydrogenation that is three times that of cyclohexene
- But it doesnt
14
Q
According to Kekule what should the hydrogenation enthalpy of benzene be ?
A
-360 KJ/mol
15
Q
What is the actual hydrogenation enthalpy of benzene and what does it mean ?
A
- 208 KJ/mol
- This means that the actual structure is more stable than the kekule structure
16
Q
What are the main features of the delocalised model of benzene ?
A
- It is a planar, cyclic hexagonal hydrocarbon
- Each carbon atom uses three of its available four electrons in bonding
- Each carbon has one electron in a p orbital at right angles to the plane of the bonded carbon and hydrogen atoms
- Adjacent p orbital electrons overlap sideways, above and below the plane of the carbon atoms to form a ring of electron density
- This overlapping of the p orbitals creates a system of pi bonds which spread over all six of the carbon atoms in the ring structure
- These electrons are said to be delocalised
17
Q
Define monosubstituted
A
A compound that has one substituent group
18
Q
In an aromatic compound, what is the benzene ring ?
A
The parent chain
19
Q
When the benzene ring is attached to a functional group or a carbon chain longer than 7, what is the benzene ring ?
A
It is the substituent group
20
Q
What kind of reactions does benzene undergo ?
A
Electrophilic substitution
21
Q
What typically reacts with benzene ?
A
- Electrophiles
- Positively charged
22
Q
What type of reaction is the nitration of benzene ?
A
Electrophilic substitution
23
Q
What are the conditions for the nitration of benzene ?
A
- Sulphuric acid catalyst (H2SO4)
- 50 degrees
- Water bath is used
24
Q
What does the nitration of benzene form ?
A
Nitrobenzene and water
25
What happens if the temperature rises above 50 degrees ?
Further substitution may occur
26
What does further substitution of the nitration of benzene form ?
It forms dinitrobenzene
27
Where is nitrobenzene important ?
- Important starting material in the preparation of dyes, pharmaceuticals and pesticides
- Starting material in the preparation of paracetamol
28
When do halogens react with benzene ?
In the presence of a halogen carrier catalyst
29
Give examples of halogen carriers
- AlCl3
- AlBr3
- FeCl3
- FeBr3
30
How are halogen carriers formed ?
In situ from the metal and the halogen
31
What type of reaction is the bromination of benzene ?
Electrophilic substitution
32
What are the conditions of the bromination of benzene ?
- Room temperature and pressure
| - Presence of a halogen carrier
33
What is an alkylation reaction ?
Substitution of a hydrogen atom in the benzene ring by an alkyl group
34
What are the conditions for an alkylation reaction ?
Benzene and a haloalkane in the presence of AlCl3
35
How does alkylation affect the number of carbon atoms in a compound ?
Alkylation increases the number of carbon atoms in a compound by forming carbon carbon bonds
36
What is an acylation reaction ?
When benzene reacts with an acyl chloride in the presence of an AlCl3 catalyst, an aromatic ketone is formed
37
What are the conditions of an acylation reaction ?
AlCl3 catalyst
38
What is the first member of the acyl chloride homologous series ?
Ethanoyl chloride
39
Does benzene react with bromine ?
Only when a halogen carrier catalyst is present
40
Why does benzene not react with bromine ?
This is because benzene has delocalised pi-electrons spread above and below the plane of the carbon atoms in the ring structure
41
Compare the electron density in benzene and an alkene
The electron density around any two carbon atoms in the benzene ring is less than that in a C=C double bond in an alkene
42
Why is a reaction prevented when a non polar molecule approaches benzene ?
There is insufficient pi-electron density around any two carbon atoms to polarise the non polar molecule
43
What is a phenol ?
A type of organic chemical containing a hydroxyl functional group directly bonded to an aromatic ring
44
What is the simplest member of the phenol group ?
- Phenol
| - C6H5OH
45
How are phenols classified ?
- It is a phenol if the benzene ring is directly bonded to an OH
- If there is a carbon side chain and then an OH group, it is an alcohol rather than a phenol
46
Compare the solubility of phenol and alcohol
Phenol is less soluble in water than alcohols
47
Why is phenol less soluble in water than alcohols ?
This is due to the presence of the non polar benzene ring
48
When dissolved in water what does phenol form ?
A phenoxide ion and a proton
49
Why is phenol classified as a weak acid ?
Because of its ability to partially dissociate to produce protons
50
Compare the acidity of phenol with alcohols and carboxylic acids
Phenols are more acidic than alcohols but less acidic than carboxylic acids
51
Why are alcohols the least acidic ?
They do no react with either weak or strong bases
52
Why are carboxylic acids the most acidic ?
They are strong enough to react with weak bases e.g. Na2CO3
53
How can you tell the difference between a phenol and a carboxylic acid ?
- A reaction with sodium carbonate can be used to distinguish between a phenol and a carboxylic acid
- The carboxylic acid reacts with the sodium carbonate to produce CO2
54
How does phenol react with NaOH ?
Forms the salt sodium phenoxide and water in a neutralisation reaction
55
What kind of reactions do phenols undergo ?
Electrophilic substitutions
56
How do phenols undergo electrophilic substitution reactions compared to benzene ?
- Under milder conditions than benzene
| - More readily than benzene
57
How does phenol react with bromine water ?
- Forms a white precipitate of 2,4,6-tribromophenol
- The reaction decolourises the bromine water
- Orange to colourless
58
Conditions of the bromination of phenol
- No halogen carrier catalyst
| - Room temperature
59
Why does the bromination of phenol not require a halogen carrier catalyst ?
The electron density in the phenol ring is sufficient to polarise the bromine molecules and so no halogen carrier catalyst is required
60
How does phenol react with dilute nitric acid ?
- Forms a mixture of :
- 2-nitrophenol
- 4-nitrophenol
61
Compare the reactivity of phenol and benzene
- Bromine and nitric acid react more readily with phenol than they do with benzene
- Phenol is nitrated with dilute nitric acid rather than concentrated nitric acid as with benzene
62
Why is there an increased reactivity with phenol ?
- It is caused by a lone pair of electrons from the oxygen p orbital of the OH group being donated into the pi system of phenol
- The electron density of the benzene ring in phenol is increased
- The increased electron density attracts electrophiles more strongly than with benzene
63
Define activation
An activating group increases the rate of electrophilic aromatic substitution compared to that of benzene
64
Define deactivation
A deactivating group decreases the rate of electrophilic aromatic substitution compared to that of benzene
65
Outline differences between phenol and nitrobenzene reacting with bromine
- Phenol is rapid reaction, nitro is slower
- Nitro needs halogen carrier
- Phenol at room temp, nitro needs high temp
- Phenol can have multiple substitutions, nitro can have only one
66
What do activating groups do with their electrons in benzene?
Donate electrons
67
What do deactivating groups do with their electrons in benzene?
Withdraw electrons
68
Where do the NH2 and OH groups direct on benzene?
2,4 and 6 positions
69
Where does the NO2 group direct on benzene?
3 and 5 positions
Chemistry
flashcards
Decks in class (29)
# Cards
-
Chapter 2 - Atomic structure and isotopes18
-
Chapter 3 - Amount of substance44
-
Chapter 4 - Acids and Redox36
-
Chapter 5 - Structure and Bonding43
-
Chapter 6 - Bonding and structure39
-
Chapter 7 - Periodicity35
-
Chapter 8 - Reactivity trends43
-
Chapter 9 - Enthalpy28
-
Chapter 10 - Reaction rates and equilibrium35
-
Chapter 11 - Basic concepts of organic chemistry43
-
Chapter 12 - Alkanes24
-
Chapter 13 - Alkenes63
-
Chapter 14 - Alcohols32
-
Chapter 15 - Haloalkanes27
-
Chapter 16 - Practical techniques12
-
Organic synthesis reactions10
-
Chapter 17 - Spectroscopy19
-
Chapter 18 - Rate of reactions82
-
Chapter 19 - Equilibrium35
-
Chapter 20 - Acids, Bases and pH35
-
Chapter 21 - Buffers and Neutralisation35
-
Chapter 22 - Lattice enthalpy54
-
Chapter 23 - Redox and electrode potentials54
-
Chapter 24 - Transition metals105
-
Chapter 25 - Aromatic compounds69
-
Chapter 26 - Carbonyls92
-
Chapter 27- Amines, Amino Acids and Polymers44
-
Chapter 28 - Organic synthesis15
-
Chapter 29 - Chromatography and Spectroscopy88
