1
Q
Explain Robert Hooke fully
A
- English physicist who melted spun glass to create lenses
- Focused on bee stings; fish scales; fly legs and any type of insect he could hold
- First person to see cells
- Discovered and initiated a new science, cell Biology
2
Q
Explain Antony van Leeuwenhoek
A
- Holland
- Improved lenses further
- Created earliest microscopes
- 1st objectives = tartar scraped from his teeth
- Viewed bacteria and protists others didn’t know existed and described microscopic parts of larger animals like blood cells
- Perpetuated the tea of spontaneous generation : suggests life arises from non-living matter / nothing
3
Q
Explain the cell theory fully
A
- Scottish surgeon, Robert Brown noted a roughly circular object in cells from orchids
- Saw the structure in every cell then identified it in cells of a variety of organisms
- Named it the nucleus
- Soon microscopists distinguished the translucent moving material that made up the res of the cell calling it the cytoplasm
4
Q
Explain Matthias and Theodore
A
- German biologist and Th. proposed new theory based on many observations made with microscopes
- Schleiden first observed that cells are the basic unit of life and Schwann compared animal cells to plant cells
- After seeing similarities in many cells they formulated a cell theory which originally had 2 components :
- All organisms are made up of one or more cells
- The cell is the fundamental unit of life
- Rudolf Virchow added third component : all cells come from preexisting cells
5
Q
What are the additional ideas in modern cell theory
A
- All cells have the same basic composition
- All cells use energy
- All cells contain DNA that is duplicated and passed on as each cell divides
6
Q
Explain light microscopes
A
- Generating true colour views of living pr preserved cells
- Light passes through object to reveal internal features
- Uses 2 or more lenses to focus visible light through specimen
- Can magnify up to 1600x
- Specimens must be transparent or thinly sliced
7
Q
Explain transmission electron microscopes
A
- Sends a beam of electrons through a very thin slice of a specimen
- It uses a magnetic field rather than a glass lens to focus the beam
- Can magnify up to 50 million x
- Microscope translates constrats in electron transmission into a high resolution 2D image showing internal features
8
Q
Explain scanning electron microscope
A
- Scans a beam of electrons over the surface of a metal coated 3D specimen
- Lower resolution than TEM and max magnification is 250 000 x
- Main advantage ability to highlight crevices and textures on specimen surface
9
Q
What are the features all cells have in common
A
- DNA : cells genetic info
- RNA : Instrumental in protein synthesis
- Ribosomes: manufactures proteins
- Cytoplasm : includes all cells contents
- Proteins : carry out all the cells work
- Cytosol : fluid portion of cytoplasm
- Lipid-rich cell membrane : forms boundary between the cells and its environment
10
Q
What are life’s 2 domains initally
A
- Prokaryotes = simplest and most ancient forms of life are those who lack a nucleus
- Eukaryotes = contains a nucleus
11
Q
What are life’s recent domains
A
- Bacteria
- Archaea
- Eukarya
12
Q
Explain Domain Bacteria
A
- Most abundant and diverse organisms
- Cause illness others = good for health and found on the skin and intestinal tract
- Structurally simple
- Circular DNA molecule = in nucleiod
- Rigid cell wall surrounds cell membrane protecting it from bursting from absorbing too much water
- Many can swim in fluid using flagella
- Fatty acids
- The nucleiod id the area where the cells circular DNA molecule congregates
13
Q
Explain Domain Archaea
A
- Structurally very similar to bacteria that differ in the composition of their phospholipids; cell walls and flagella
- No nucleus and membrane bound organelles
- Nonfatty acid lipids
- Most have cell walls and flagella is common; small than most eukaryotic cells
14
Q
Explain Domain Eukarya
A
- Larger in size
- Cytoplasm divided into organelles which carry out specific functions
- Nucleated
- Elaborate system of membranes creates organelles
- Fatty acids
15
Q
What did Carl Woese do
A
- 1977
- Studied key molecules in many cell types and detected differences suggesting that prokaryotes actually include 2 forms of life that are distantly related to each other
16
Q
What is bacteria valuable in
A
- Research; food processing and pharmaceutical production
- Critical role as decomposers in the ecosystem
17
Q
What were the first organisms described
A
- Microbes that use CO2 and Hydrogen to produce Methane
- From Domain Archea
18
Q
Explain Domain Eukarya in more detail ( plants and animals; difference in features)
A
- From microscopic protists to enormous whales
- Features that make them different to prokaryotic cells are :
- Have a large size ( 10 to 100 times greater )
- Cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells is divided into organelles compartments that carry out specials functions
- Animal and plant cells have many structures in common but also have some differences
- Plant cells have chloroplast and cell wall whereas animal cells don’t
19
Q
A membrane separates each cell from its surroundings
A
- Cell membrane
- Common in all cells
- Separates the cytoplasm from the cells surroundings
- Common in all cells
- In eukaryotic cells, the internal membranes enclose the organelles
- Cell membrane is composed of phospholipids : organic molecules that resemble triglycerides but with only 2 fatty acids instead of 3
20
Q
What is a phospholipid made up of
A
- 3 Subunits :
A glycerol attached to a hydrophillic phosphate head and 2 hydrophobic fatty acid tails
21
Q
Explain the phospholipid bilayer fully
A
- Forms the cell membrane
- Inside and outside of the cell the environment is aqueous ( there is water )
- The hydrophobic fatty acid tails are directed away from the water
- Semi permeable due to hydrophobic middle portion
- Lipids and small, non-polar molecules such as O2; CO2 pass freely in and out of the cell
- Fatty acid tails at the bilayers interior block ions and polar molecules such as glucose from passing through
22
Q
What else does the cell membrane consist of
A
- Not only phospholipid bilayer but also proteins and other molecules
23
Q
Explain the plasma membrane
A
- AKA fluid mosaic
- Explains the stricture of the plasma membrane of animal cells as a mosaic of components such as phospholipids; proteins; cholesterol and carbohydrates
- These give a fluid character to the membranes
24
Q
What do steroid molecules do
A
- Maintain the cell membranes fluidity as the temperature fluctuates
25
What do phospholipids and proteins do together
- Provide the membranes structure
- Proteins are especially important to its function
- Some proteins extend through the phospholipid bilayer whereas others face only the inside to the outside of the cell
26
What proteins do cells have in the membranes
- Transport proteins
- Enzymes
- Recognition protein
- Adhesion proteins
- Receptor proteins
27
Explain Transport proteins fully
- Embedded in the phospholipid bilayer
- Creates passages through which ions; glucose and other polar substances pass into or out of the cell
28
Explain enzymes fully
- Facilitate chemical reactions that would otherwise proceed too slowly to sustain life
- Are organic molecules that catalyse chemical reactions with being consumed
- Not all are associated with the membrane
29
Explain recognition protein fully
- Carbs are attached to the cell surface proteins serve as name tags that help the body immune system recognise its own cells
- The immune system will attack cells with unfamiliar surface molecules
30
Explain adhesion proteins fully
- Enable cells to stick to one another
31
Explain receptor proteins fully
- Bind to molecules outside the cell and trigger an internal response called signal transduction
32
Explain how eukaryotic cells divide labour fully
- Organelles have specialise functions that carry out the work of the cell
- Each has a unique set of proteins and other molecules that fit that organelles functions=
- The walls of these organelles are membranes, folded with enzymes and proteins
- Many of cells internal membranes for a co-ordinated endomembrane system
33
Explain the endomembrane system fully in prokaryotic cells
- Consists of several interacting organelles
- The nuclear envelope; endrplastic reticulum; Golgi apparatus; lysosomes; vacuoles and cell membrane
- Interactions between the organelles of the endomembrane system enable cells to produce; package and release complex mixtures of biochemicals
34
What organelles are essential for prokaryotic cells
- Cytoplasm
- DNA
- Free floating ribosomes
- Cell membrane
- Inclusion bodies ( complex molecules that are made up of lipids or sugars)
- Flagella
35
What other organelles do eukaryotic cells have
- ER
- Lysosomes
- Mitochondria
- Golgi apparatus
36
Explain the endomembrane system fully in eukaryotic cells
- Consists of several interacting organelles
- The nuclear envelope; ER ; Golgi apparatus; lysosomes; vacuoles and cell membrane
- Interactions between the organelles of the end-membrane system enables cells to produce; package and release complex mixtures of biochemicals
37
Explain the cytoplasm fully
The watery mixture that occupies much of the cell's volume; in eukaryotic cells it consists of all materials including organelles between the nuclear envelope and the cell membrane
38
Explain the cytosol fully
The fluid portion of the cytoplasm
39
Explain the cytoskeleton fully
Framework of protein rods and tubules in eukaryotic cells
40
Explain Louis Pasteur
- 1859
- Finally disproved the idea of spontaneous generation
41
Explain the Golgi Apparatus
- A sack of flat, membrane enclosed sacks that function as a processing centre
- Proteins from the ER pass through the Golgi sacs, complete intricate folding and becomes functional
- Enzymes in the GA also manufacture and attach carbs to proteins or lipids forming Glycoproteins or Glycolipids
- GA sorts and packages material into vesicles
- Move toward the cell membrane
Some materials become part of the membrane while others are secreted from the cell
42
Explain ER fully
- Proteins destined for cell membrane or secretion - entire complex of ribosomes, mRNA and partially made protein anchors to the surface of ER
- A network. of sacs and tubes composed of membranes
- Originates at nuclear envelope and winds throughout the cell
- Close to nucleus surface studded with ribosomes making proteins that enter the inner compartment of the ER ( Rough ER )
- These proteins destined for secretion
- Adjacent to rough ER, Smooth ER, synthesises lipids and other membrane components, house enzymes that detoxify drugs and poisons
43
Explain vesicles
- Lipids and proteins made by the ER exit the organelles in them
- Transport their contents to GA
44
Explain the nucleus fully
- Core of the cells
- Functions like the brain of the cells
- Contains the cell's DNA
- The nucleus controls or determines our identity
45
Explain the Mitochondria fully
- Powerhouse of the cell
- Carries out the metabolic chain reactions that produce Adenosine Triphoshate ( biological form of energy )
- The heart has the most organelles
46
Define ATP
The energy currency of the cell
47
Explain the ribosomes fully
- Have no membrane but still important
- Make protein and work with ER
- Found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
48
Explain Rough ER
- Connected to the nuclear membrane
- Have numerous ribosomal particles lined up throughout their surface
- Make proteins
49
Explain smooth ER fully
- Does not have ribosomes and is responsible for the production of lipids and fats
50
Explain lysosomes fully
- Organelles containing enzymes that dismantle and recycle food particles; captured bacteria; worn-out organelles and debris
- Called lysosomes because their enzymes lyse or cut apart their substrate
- GA detects these enzymes by recognising a sugar attached to them, then packages them into vesicles that eventually become lysosomes
51
Explain the flagella and cilia fully
- Long, whiplike appendages that a cell uses for motility
- Short and numerous, movable protein projections extending from a cell
52
Explain the centrosome fully
- Part of the cell that organises microtubules
53
How does the cytoskeleton support eukaryotic cells
- The cytosol of eukaryotic cells contains a cytoskeleton, an intricate network of protein tracks and tubules
- A structural framework with many functions
- Aids in cells division
- Helps connect cells to one another
- Enables cells or parts of cells to move
- Transportation system, structural support necessary to maintain 3D shape
54
What are the 3 major parts of the cytoskeleton
1. Microfilament
2. Microtubules
3. Intermediate filaments
Life Sciences 141
flashcards
Decks in class (22)
# Cards
-
Chapter One34
-
Chapter Two32
-
Chapter 354
-
Chapter Four46
-
Chapter Five35
-
Eukaryotic cell organelles14
-
Membrane Transport14
-
Genetics Chapter Nine - Experiments14
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DNA STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION29
-
Protein synthesis18
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Protein synthesis and Mutations31
-
Gene regulation35
-
Cancer cells28
-
Mitosis24
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Meiosis27
-
Meiosis Problems34
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Cell Cycle - DNA Replication12
-
Genetics45
-
Genetics 214
-
Genetics - Chapter Ten19
-
Genetics Chapter 1124
-
Chapter Six13
