CHAPTER 4

Question 1

Living organisms consist mostly of ______-based compounds (e.g Proteins, DNA, Carbohydrates and other molecules)

Answer 1

Carbon

Question 2

Organic Chemistry is

Answer 2

the study of compounds containing carbon

Question 3

Carbon skeletons vary from

Answer 3

length, branching, double bond position, presence of rings

Question 4

Hydrocarbons are

Answer 4

organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

Question 5

Organisms like “fat” have what sort of components?

Answer 5

Hydrocarbon components

Question 6

Hydrocarbons can undergo reactions that release a large amounts of energy (True or False)

Answer 6

True

Question 7

Isomers are

Answer 7

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties

Question 8

How many type of Isomers are there

Answer 8

three.
a) structural isomers
b) cis-trans/geometric isomers
c) enantiomers

Question 9

Structural Isomers

Answer 9

have different covalent arrangements of their atoms

Question 10

Cis-trans/geometric isomers

Answer 10

have the same covalent bonds but differ in spatial arrangements

Question 11

Enantiomers

Answer 11

isomers that are mirror images to each other

Question 12

enantiomers

Answer 12

molecules that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other

Question 13

What are enantiomers important for?

Answer 13

-Pharmaceutical industry
-Two enantiomers of a drug may have different effects (e.g ibuprofen)

Question 14

Chemical groups are key to molecular functions because…

Answer 14

• their arrangement of its carbon skeleton
  -chemical groups attached to it (effect molecular shape, participate in chemical reactions)

Question 15

Functional groups

Answer 15

are the components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions

Question 16

How many types of functional groups are there?

Answer 16

Seven.
a) Hydroxyl
b) Carbonyl
c) Carboxyl
d) Amino
e) Sulfhydryl
f) phosphate
g) methyl

Question 17

Hydroxyl group

Answer 17

Polar due to electronegative oxygen. Forms hydrogen bonds with water. Compound name: Alcohol.

Question 18

Carbonyl group

Answer 18

Sugars with ketone groups are called ketoses: those with aldehydes are called aldoses. Compound name: Ketone or aldehyde.

Question 19

Carboxyl group

Answer 19

Acts as an acid. Compound name: Carboxyl acid, or organic acid.

Question 20

Amino group

Answer 20

Acts as a base. Compound name: Amine.

Question 21

Sulfhydryl group

Answer 21

Two—SH groups can react, forming a “cross-link” that helps stabilize protein structure. Compound name: Thiol.

Question 22

Phosphate group

Answer 22

Contributes negative charge. When attached, confers on a molecule the ability to react with water, releasing energy. Compound name: Organic phosphate.

Question 23

Methyl Group

Answer 23

Affects the expression of genes. Affects the shape and function of sex hormones. Compound name: Methylated compound.

Question 24

ATP: Adenosine triphosphate

Answer 24

An important organic phosphate is adenosine triphosphate.

Consists of:
-organic molecule (adenosine)
-attached to a string of three phosphate groups

Question 25

What does ATP store?

Answer 25

stores the potential to react with water, a reaction that releases energy to be used by the cell.

Question 26

Is ATP a nucleic acid?

Answer 26

Yes