Chapter 4

Question 1

naming and classifying organisms

Answer 1

Taxonomy- humans have a desire to name things

Question 2

evolutionary history

Answer 2

Phylogeny -

Question 3

• Aristotle’s concept of the scale of nature
• Organisms were placed on this scale based on their proposed complexity
• Held until Renaissance when we began to discover more species
• Needed more complex system

Answer 3

Scala Naturae

Question 4

Sentences or paragraphs (in Latin) that described an organism

Answer 4

polynomials , this eventually got cumbersome and turned into binomials

Question 5

genus and species

Answer 5

binomail

Question 6

Introduced in Species Plantarum (1753)

Answer 6

Carolous Linnaeus

Question 7

• Still largely used (although modified) today - Linnean Classification Scheme
• Start from bottom - the species.

Answer 7

Carolous Linnaeus

Question 8

• primary type - name bearer

Answer 8

Holotype

Question 9

• primary type of opposite sex of holotype

Answer 9

•Allotype

Question 10

secondary types, one will replace holotype if lost. Generally all specimens other than the holotype examined by the original author are paratypes unless otherwise specified.

Answer 10

•Paratype

Question 11

a series of primary types when none has been designated as a holotype

Answer 11

Syntypes/cotypes

Question 12

a specimen removed from a syntype series to be the equivalent of a holotype

Answer 12

Lectotype

Question 13

the remaining syntypes after a lectotype has been designated

Answer 13

Paralectotype

Question 14

primary type designated if primary type(s) lost

Answer 14

Neotype

Question 15

• a duplicate of the holotype in plants

Answer 15

Isotype

Question 16

a specimen from the same locality as the primary type(s); not officially recognized

Answer 16

Topotype

Question 17

• Groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups

Answer 17

Biological Species Concept (BSC)

Question 18

the smallest aggregation of (sexual) populations or (asexual) lineages diagnosable by a unique combination of character states.

Answer 18

Phylogenetic Species Concept (PSC), Wheeler and Platnick version

Question 19

an entity composed of organisms that maintains its identity from other such entities through time and over space and that has its own independent evolutionary fate and historical tendencies.

Answer 19

Evolutionary Species Concept (ESC)

Question 20

Get rid of ranks entirely and seeks to eventually get rid of the binomialSuggests that the movement of species between genera, genera among families, etc., sets up an unstable taxonomy.

Answer 20

phylocode

Question 21

• Short sequences of rapidly diverging genes could be species specific
• 5’region of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) - particularly promising tool for species identification
• Eventually have gene chips • Put tissue on it and a machine will tell you specie

Answer 21

species barcode

Question 22

Evolutionary history

•Coined by Ernst Haeckel

Answer 22

phylogeny

Question 23

– a group consisting of all descendents of the group’s most recent common ancestor

Answer 23

Monophyletic

Question 24

graphical representation of a monophyletic group

Answer 24

Clade

Question 25

– taxon or taxa related to group of interest (reptiles)

Answer 25

• Outgroup

Question 26

three plus branches from node

Answer 26

polytomy

Question 27

only 2 branches per node

Answer 27

Dichotomous –

Question 28

-group consisting of the group’s most recent common ancestor, but not all descendents

Answer 28

Paraphyletic group

Question 29

-group consisting of two or more groups, but not the group’s most recent common ancestor nor all of its descendents

Answer 29

Polyphyletic group

Question 30

no branch lengths

Answer 30

Cladogram

Question 31

branch lengths indicating some sort of evolutionary change – sequence divergence

Answer 31

Phylogram

Question 32

Can relate to time scale when examining fossils or molecular clocks

Answer 32

Chronogram

Question 33

Correspondence in function or position between organs of dissimilar evolutionary origin or structure

Answer 33

Analogy

Question 34

Correspondence in evolutionary origin

Answer 34

Homology

Question 35

derived characteristic

Answer 35

Apomorphy -

Question 36

- primitive characteristic

Answer 36

• Plesiomorphy

Question 37

- shared derived characteristic

Answer 37

• Synapomorphy

Question 38

- shared primitive characteristic

Answer 38

• Symplesiomorphy

Question 39

Assessing Homology- three requirements

Answer 39

1. similarity 2. conjuction 3. congruence PATTERSON