Integrated Computer Systems > Chapter 4 : Distributed Computing Paradigm > Flashcards

Chapter 4 : Distributed Computing Paradigm Flashcards

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1
Q

What does Distributed Computing refers to?

A
  1. Refers to a model in which components of a software system are shared among multiple computers to improve efficiency and performance
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2
Q

What does distributed computing uses to share data among multiple computers?

A
  1. Use of network
  • Where each computer performs a part of the overall computation
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3
Q

List out 5 importance of Distributed Computing

A
  1. Enhanced Performance
  2. Cost Efficiency
  3. Reliability and Fault Tolerance
  4. Scalability
  5. Flexibility
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4
Q

How Distributed Computing enhanced performance?

A
  1. By distributing tasks across multiple machines, system can handle larger and more complex performance
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5
Q

Why Distributed Computing can be cost efficiency?

A
  1. It reduces the need for expensive, high-performance hardware
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6
Q

What does Fault Tolerance do to ensure system reliability?

A
  1. Redundancy and failover mechanisms ensure system reliability
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7
Q

Why scalability is an importance of Distributed Computing?

A
  1. Easily scalable to meet increasing demand without significant changes to the system architecture
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8
Q

Why Distributed Computing provide flexibility?

A
  1. It supports a wide range of applications from scientific research to commercial services
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9
Q

List out all 7 applications for Distributed Computing

A
  1. Scientific Research
  2. Big Data Processing
  3. Cloud Computing Services
    4.Content Delivery Networks
  4. Financial Services
  5. Healthcare
  6. E-commerce
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10
Q

List out 3 scientific research domain for using Distributed Computing

A
  1. Simulations
  2. Data Analysis
  3. Modeling
    • Physics
    • Biology
    • Climate Science
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11
Q

List out 2 platforms that performs Big Data Processing across Distributed Systems ( 2 )

A
  1. Apache Hadoop
  2. Apache Spark
  • Both platforms enable the processing of large datasets across distributed systems
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12
Q

List out 3 platforms that provide Distributed Computing Resources for Cloud Computing Service

A
  1. Amazon Web Services ( AWS )
  2. Microsoft Azure
  3. Google Cloud
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13
Q

What does Content Delivery Networks ( CDNs ) do ?

A
  1. Distribute web content across multiple servers to ensure fast delivery to user worldwide
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14
Q

What does Distributed Computing aids in Financial Services? ( 3 )

A
  1. Real-time Trading
  2. Risk Analysis
  3. Fraud Detection
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15
Q

What does Distribute Computing do in Healthcare? ( 3 )

A
  1. Analysis of Medical Data
  2. Telemedicine
  3. Management of health information system
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16
Q

What does Distributive Computing do in E-commerce? ( 3 )

A
  1. Supports the operation of online shopping platforms
  2. Payment Processing
  3. Recommendation Systems
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17
Q

List out 7 types of Distributed Computing Systems

A
  1. Cluster Computing
  2. Grid Computing
  3. Cloud Computing
  4. Peer-to-Peer Computing
  5. Edge Computing
  6. Fog Computing
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18
Q

What does Cluster Computer involves?

A
  1. A group of linked computers ( nodes ) working together as a single system to execure computational tasks
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19
Q

How does Cluster Computing connected to each other?

A
  1. These cluster are tightly coupled, with nodes connected through high-speed local area networks ( LANs )
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20
Q

List out 4 applications of Cluster Computing

A
  1. Scientific Simulations
  2. Financial Modeling
  3. Data Mining and Analysis
  4. Enterprise Applications
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21
Q

List out 2 Examples for Cluster Computing

A
  1. IBM’s High-Performance Computing Cluster
  2. Beowulf Clusters
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22
Q

What does Grid Computing involves?

A
  1. The use of a distributed network of loosely coupled computers to perform large-scale computational tasks
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23
Q

What does Grid Computing focuses on?

A
  1. Resource sharing across geographically dispersed locations
  • Unlike Cluster Computing where all device are connected via LAN
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24
Q

List out 4 applications for Grid Computing

A
  1. Scientific Research
  2. Climate Modeling
  3. Genetic Research
  4. Drug Discovery
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25
List out 2 examples of Grid Computing
1. Globus Toolkit 2. Open Science Grid
26
What does Cloud Computing provides?
1. On-demand computing resources ( Storage, Processing Power, Applications ) over the internet
27
What payment model that Cloud Computing implements?
1. Pay-as-You-Go Model * It has the advantage for users to scale resources according to their needs
28
List out 3 service models for Cloud Computing
1. Infrastructure As A Service ( IaaS ) 2. Platform As A Service ( PaaS ) 3. Software As A Service ( SaaS )
29
List out 3 examples for Cloud Computing
1. Amazon Web Services ( AWS ) 2. Microsoft Azure 3. Google Cloud Platform ( GCP )
30
What doe Infrastructure As A Service provides?
1. Virtualized computing resources over the internet - AWS EC2 - Google Compute Engine
31
What does Platform As A Service provides?
1. Offers hardware and software tools over the internet - Google App Engine - Microsoft Azure
32
What does Software As A Service provides?
1. Delivers software applications over the internet - Google Workspace - Salesforce
33
List out 5 features for Cloud Computing ( 5 )
1. On-Demand Self-Service - Users can provision computing resources without Human intervention 2. Broad Network Access - Services are available over the internet, accessible from anywhere 3. Resource Pooling - Resources are pooled to serve multiple users, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned according to demand 4. Rapid Elasticity - Resources can be scaled up or down quickly based on demand 5. Measured Service - Resource usage is monitored, controlled and reported, providing transparency for both provided and consumer
34
What does Peer-to-Peer Computing involves?
1. Involves a distributed network where each node, or peer, can act as both a client and server * P2P systems enable direct sharing of resources and services without a central coordinating entity
35
List out some applications for Peer-to-Peer Computing
1. File Sharing ( BitTorrent ) 2. Collaborative Platforms ( Skype ) 3. Content Distribution
36
What does Edge Computing refers to?
1. Refers to the processing of data at or near the source of data generating rather than relying on a centralized data-processing warehouse * Widely used in Video Games, CCTV
37
What is the advantages for Edge Computing?
1. Reduces latency 2. Reduces bandwidth usage
38
List out 3 applications for edge computing
1. Internet of Things ( IoT ) devices 2. Autonomous Vehicles 3. Smart Cities
39
List out 3 industrial automation examples for edge computing
1. Cisco's Edge Computing Solutions 2. AWS IoT Greengrass 3. Microsoft Azure IoT Edge
40
What does Fog computing also known as?
1. Fogging
41
What domain that Fog Computing extends?
1. Cloud Computing * It extends cloud computing to the edge of the network * Involves intermediate processing layers ( local servers / gateways ) between devices and the cloud
42
What does Fog Computing do to Cloud Computing?
1. Creates a distributed computing infrastructure where data, compute, storage and applications are located somewhere between the data source and the cloud
43
List out 4 applications for Fog Computing
1. Smart Grids 2. Connected Vehicles 3. Healthcare Monitoring Systems 4. Smart Manufacturing * Examples 1. Cisco Fog Computing 2. OpenFog Consortium 3. Dell Edge Gateways
44
What does Node mean in Disctibuted Computing?
1. Refers to any physical or virtual machine that participates in the distributed system * Examples 1. Computers 2. Servers 3. Other Devices ( Sensors )
45
What is the role of Nodes?
1. Perform computation, store data, and communicate with other nodes to achieve a common goal
46
What is a network?
1. The medium through which nodes communicate * Examples 1. LAN ( Local Area Network ) 2. WAN ( Wide Area Network ) 3. Global ( Internet )
47
List out 4 components for networks?
1. Routers 2. Switches 3. Cables 4. Wireless Connections 5. More * Enables data transfer between nodes
48
List out 4 key features for Fog Computing
1. Decentralization - Distributes processing to local nodes ( fog nodes ) closer to data source 2. Interoperability - Supports interaction between different devices and networks 3. Scalability - Extends the scalability of cloud computing to the edge 4. Enhanced Security - Data can be processed locally , reducin the ris of exposure
49
What does topology of a network describes?
1. Describes the layout or organizational hierarchy of nodes within the network
50
List out 5 types of topology in distributed computing
1. Bus Topology - All nodes are connected to a single communication line 2. Star Topology - Nodes are connedted to a central hub 3. Ring Topology - Each node is connected to 2 other nodes, forming a ring 4. Mesh Topology - Nodes are interconnected, allowing for multiple paths for data 5. Hybrid Topology - A combination of 2 or more different topologies
51
What is a communication protocols?
1. Rules and conventions for data exchange between network devices
52
List out 5 types of Communication Protocols
1. Transmission Control Protocol / Internel Protocol ( TCP / IP ) - Enables reliable transmission of data across networks 2. User Datagram Protocol ( UDP ) - Facilitates low-latency communication but without guaranteed delivery 3. Message Passing Interface ( MPI ) - Used for communication in parallel computing enviroments 4. Simple Object Access Protocol ( SOAP ) and Representational State Transfer ( REST ) - Protocols for web services communication
53
List out 5 Distributed System Architecture
1. Client-Server Model 2. Three-Tier Architecture 3. Service-Oriented Architecture ( SOA ) 4. Microservices Architecture 5. Event-Driven Architecture
54
What is the definition of Client-Server Model?
1. Is a distributed architecture where clients request resources and services from centralized servers
55
List out 2 components of Client-Server Model?
1. Client - A user device or software that request services 2. Server - A machine or software that provides services
56
List out 3 characteristics of Client-Server Model
1. Centralized control 2. Scalability through additional servers 3. Simple communication model * Client send HTTP request to web servers ( Apache / Nginx ) which serve web pages
57
What does Three-Tier Architecture do?
1. Divides an application into 3 layers
58
List out 3 layers for Three-Tier Architecture
1. Presentation - User Interface ( Front-End ) 2. Logic - Application Logic and Processing ( Backend ) 3. Data - Database Servers ( SQL or NoSQL databases ) * E-Commerce App - Presentation Layer displays the app's UI - Logic Layer process payment - Date Layer stores data
59
List out 3 characteristics of Three-Tier Architecture
1. Seperation of Concerns 2. Scalability and Maintainability 3. Enhanced Security
60
Give an example of Three-Tier Architecture
1. User Interface ( Webpage ) 2. Applicatoon Logic ( Shopping Cart, Order Processing ) 3. Database ( User accounts, Product Catalog )
61
What is a Service-Oriented Architecture?
1. Is an architectural pattern where servics are provided to other components by application components through a network
62
What is the characteristics of Service-Oriented Architecture?
1. Loose Computing 2. Interoperability 3. Reusability of Services
63
List out examples for Service-Oriented Architecture
1. Individual services for customer management, account management, and transaction processing
64
What is the definition of Microservices Architecture?
1. An architectural style that structures an application as a collection of loosely coupled services, each implementing a business capcbility
65
List out 3 characteristics of Microservices Architecture
1. Independent deployment and scaling 2. Fine-grained services 3. Technology diversity
66
List out 3 components of Microservices Architecture
1. Microservicces - Small, Self-Contained Services 2. API Gateway - Single entry point for clients to interact with microservices 3. Service Discovery - Mechanism to dynamically discover services
67
List out 1 example for Microservices Architecture
1. Netflix - Microservices for user profile, recommendations, streaming and billing
68
What is the definition of an event-driven architecture?
1. An architecture where system components communicate through events
69
List out 3 components of Event-Driven Architecture
1. Event Producers - Generate Events ( User Action ) 2. Event Consumers - Respond to Events ( Update Database ) 3. Event Bus - Middleware to handle event routing
70
List out 3 characteristics of Event-Driven Architecture
1. Asychronous Communication 2. High Scalability 3. Loose Computing
71
List out an example for Event-Driven Architecture
1. E-commerce - An event ( Order placed ) triggers inventory update, payment processing, and shipment scheduling
72
What is the definition for Distributed File System?
1. Systems that manage and store files across multiple servers, ensuring fault tolerance and efficient data access
73
List out 2 examples of Distributed File Systems
1. HDFS ( Hadoop Distributed File System ) 2. Google File System
74
What is HDFS Hadoop Distributed File System ) and Google File System designed for?
1. Large-scale data processing
75
What are the features for HDFS ( Hadoop Distributed File System ) ? ( 3 )
1. Fault Tolerance - Data is replicated across multiple nodes 2. High throughput - Can scale to thousands of nodes 3. Scalability - Optimized for large batch processing
76
What are the use case for HDFS ( Hadoop Distributed File System ) ?
1. Big Data Analytics using Hadoop
77
What are the features for Google File System ( GFS ) ? ( 3 )
1. High Availability - Replication of data across multiple servers 2. Scalability - Designed to handle large-scale data processing 3. Efficient Data Access - Optimized for large streaming reads and writes
78
What is the foundation for Google's Data processing framework?
1. Google File System ( GFS )
79
What is a HDFS ( Hadoop Distributed File System )?
1. A distributed file system that provides high throughput access to large datasets
80
Who uses HDFS ( Hadoop Distributed File System )?
1. Yahoo! - For processing and storing large amounts of data
81
List out 2 architectures for HDFS ( Hadoop Distributed File System )
1. NameNode - Manages metadata and file system namespace 2. DataNodes - Store the actual data
82
What is Google File System( GFS )?
1. A scalable distributed file system for large distributed data-intensive applications
83
List out 2 architectures for Google File System ( GFS )
1. Master - Manages matadata and coordinates across 2. Chunkservers - Store data in fixed-size chunks
84
What process that Data Replication do?
1. It has the process of storing copies of data on multiple nodes to ensure availability and fault tolerance
85
List out 2 types of Data Replication
1. Synchronous - Immediate Replication 2. Asynchronous - Eventual Replication
86
What is the benefits of Data Replication?
1. Improves Data Availability 2. Fault Tolerance 3. Read Performance
87
What process that Data Partitioning do?
1. It has the process of dividing database into smaller, more manageable pieves called partitions or shards
88
List out 3 techniques that Data Partitioning do
1. Range-based 2. Hash-based 3. List-based
89
List out 3 benefits of Data Partitioning
1. Enhances Scalability 2. Load Balancing 3. Query Performance
90
List out 2 examples of Data Partitioning
1. MongoDB Sharding 2. MySQL Partitioning
91
List out 3 emerging trends in Distribute Computing
1. Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technologies 2. IoT and Distributed Computing 3. AI and Machine Learning in Distributed Systems
92
What is the definition of Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technologies?
1. A decentralized, distributed ledger that records transactions across many computers
93
List out 2 concepts for Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technologies
1. Immutable Ledger - Transactions are permanent and tamper-proof 2. Consensus Mechanism - Ensures agreement on the ledger's state ( Proof of Work, Proof of Stake )
94
List out 3 applications for Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technologies
1. Cryptocurrency 2. Supply Chain Management 3. Smart Contracts
95
List out 3 advantages of Blockchain and Distributed Ledger technologies
1. Enhanced Security 2. Transparency 3. Decentralization
96
List out 3 challenges of Blockchain and Distributed Ledger technologies
1. Scalability 2. Regulatory Issues 3. Energy Consumption * Example - Hyperledger Fabric for enterprise blockchain solutions
97
What is the definition of IoT?
1. Integration of Internet of Things devices with distributed computing systems
98
List out 2 key concepts for IoT
1. Edge Computing - Processing data closer to the source 2. Fog Computing - Extends cloud capabilities to the edge og the network
99
List out 3 applications for IoT
1. Smart Cities 2. Industrial Automation 3. Healthcare Monitoring
100
List out 3 benefits of IoT
1. Reduced Latency 2. Improved Scalability 3. Enhanced Data Privacy
101
List out 3 chanllenges of IoT
1. Interoperability 2. Security 3. Data Management
102
What does application of Ai and ML uses for enhanced performance and capabilities?
1. Distributed Computing
103
List out 2 key concepts for AI and ML
1. Federated Learning - Training ML models across decentralized devices without centralizing data 2. Distributed Neural Networks - Dividing neural network training across multiple nodes
104
List out 3 applications for AI and ML
1. Predictive Analysis 2. Autonomous Systems 3. Real-Time Decision Making
105
List out 3 benefits of using distributed computing in AI and ML?
1. Improved Accuracy 2. Scalability 3. Real-time Processing
106
List out 3 chanllenges of using distributed computing in AI and ML
1. Data Privacy 2. Model Synchronization 3. Resource Management * Examples - Google's Federated Learning for privacy preserving AI
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