1
Q
What were individuals diagnosed with intellectual developmental disorder often misunderstood as until the mid-nineteenth century?
A
Persons suffering from mental disorders or medical conditions
2
Q
What has been a significant gain in the field of intellectual developmental disorder over the past century?
A
Greater understanding and importance of early identification and intervention
3
Q
What was the term revised in the 2022 text revision of the DSM-5-TR?
A
Intellectual developmental disorder
4
Q
Which classification system aligns with the term ‘disorders of intellectual development’?
A
World Health Organization’s International Classification of Diseases, eleventh revision (ICD-11)
5
Q
What three core features should clinicians look for to diagnose intellectual developmental disorder?
A
- IQ scores two standard deviations below the mean
- Significant limitations in adaptive functioning
- Onset before age 18
6
Q
What term was removed from the diagnostic manual in 2013 to reduce stigma?
A
Mental retardation
7
Q
What organization was renamed to the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) in 2007?
A
American Association on Mental Retardation (AAMR)
8
Q
Intellectual developmental disorder is classified as what type of disorder?
A
Neurodevelopmental disorder
9
Q
What are the impairments produced by neurodevelopmental disorders like intellectual developmental disorder?
A
Social, personal, academic, or occupational functioning
10
Q
What are the three essential elements defining intellectual developmental disorder?
A
- Intellectual deficits
- Limitations in adaptive functioning
- Present before the age of 18
11
Q
Modern definitions of intellectual developmental disorder consider a person’s intellectual functioning in relation to what?
A
Typical for that individual’s same-aged peers
12
Q
What factors must be considered in determining a deficit or disability in intellectual developmental disorder?
A
- Cultural and linguistic diversity
- Differences in communication
- Sensory, motor, and behavioral factors
13
Q
True or False: The diagnostic label for intellectual developmental disorder has remained the same over the years.
A
False
14
Q
What has the development of understanding of causes and treatment of intellectual developmental disorder been influenced by?
A
Historical context of the disorder
15
Q
What have persons with intellectual and other disabilities endured throughout recorded history?
A
Misunderstanding and rejection from society due to fear and ignorance.
This reflects a long-standing stigma against individuals with disabilities.
16
Q
What significant shift in thinking occurred by the end of the eighteenth century regarding children with intellectual disabilities?
A
Historical events such as the discovery of Victor, the ‘wild boy of Aveyron’, and humanitarian efforts to assist oppressed groups prompted a shift.
These events highlighted the need for understanding and support for individuals with disabilities.
17
Q
By the mid-nineteenth century, where had the concept of intellectual developmental disorder spread?
A
From France and Switzerland to much of Europe and North America.
This spread was crucial in shaping attitudes and care for individuals with IDD.
18
Q
Who was Dr. Samuel G. Howe and what was his contribution?
A
He convinced contemporaries that training and educating those with intellectual developmental disorder was a public responsibility and opened the first humanitarian institution in North America.
The institution was the Massachusetts School for Idiotic and Feeble-Minded Youth.
19
Q
What role did parents of children with IDD play in the mid-20th century?
A
They advanced a perspective for long-term care that differed from public and professional opinions, creating local diagnostic and guidance centers.
Parents sought humane care and support for their children.
20
Q
What organization was formed by parents in 1950 to support individuals with IDD?
A
The Arc (formerly the National Association for Retarded Children).
The organization aimed to study, prevent, and care for persons with intellectual developmental disorder.
21
Q
What significant action did President John F. Kennedy take in 1962 regarding intellectual developmental disorder?
A
He formed the President’s Panel on Mental Retardation and called for a national program to combat intellectual developmental disorder.
His personal connection through his sister influenced his commitment to this cause.
22
Q
What media exposés in the 1960s increased public awareness regarding the treatment of persons with IDD?
A
Exposés on the use of solitary confinement and restraints for persons with IDD.
These exposés sparked outrage and demanded better treatment for individuals with disabilities.
23
Q
True or False: The understanding of intellectual developmental disorder was well-established by the 1940s.
A
False.
Little was known about IDD or its causes at that time.
24
Q
Fill in the blank: The Massachusetts School for Idiotic and Feeble-Minded Youth was the first _______ for persons with intellectual developmental disorder in North America.
A
[humanitarian institution].
This institution marked a significant step in the care and education of individuals with IDD.
25
What does H. G. Wells suggest is necessary for the improvement of human stock?
Sterilization of failures
## Footnote
H. G. Wells emphasizes preventing the birth of those who would become the hindmost.
26
What does the evolutionary degeneracy theory attribute to children with intellectual developmental disorder?
Regression to an earlier period in human evolution
## Footnote
This theory was popular in the nineteenth century and linked intellectual challenges to evolutionary concepts.
27
Who is J. Langdon H. Down and what is he known for?
Clinical description of the genetic syndrome named after him
## Footnote
Down interpreted anomalies in individuals with intellectual developmental disorder as evolutionary throwbacks.
28
What erroneous belief did Down hold regarding the inheritance of intellectual developmental disorder?
Parents in one racial group could give birth to a child who was a retrogression to another group
## Footnote
This idea was part of the broader speculative framework of the time.
29
What was the sociopolitical context during the development of evolutionary degeneracy theory?
Continuation of Western colonization and the emergence of America as a power
## Footnote
These factors influenced the justification of scientific theories linking racial inferiority to intellectual disability.
30
Who was Henry Goddard and what was his contribution to the eugenics movement?
Proponent of the degeneracy theory and author of The Kallikak Family
## Footnote
He traced two lines of descendants to illustrate his views on heredity and intelligence.
31
What did Goddard claim about the descendants of the Kallikak family?
Descendants of the first union were feeble-minded, while those of the second were of good reputation
## Footnote
This claim was criticized for ignoring environmental differences between the two families.
32
What is the definition of eugenics according to Sir Francis Galton?
The science which deals with all influences that improve the inborn qualities of a race
## Footnote
Galton defined eugenics in 1883, and it gained momentum in the early 20th century.
33
What shift occurred in the perspective of individuals with intellectual developmental disorder by 1910?
Shifted away from individual needs to societal needs
## Footnote
Society was seen as needing protection from individuals with intellectual disabilities.
34
What label was often applied to individuals with intellectual developmental disorder in the early 20th century?
Moral imbecile or moron
## Footnote
This label was used to explain deviant behavior and justified attempts to control such individuals.
35
How were individuals labeled as 'morons' perceived in society?
As a threat to society because they could pass for typical
## Footnote
This perception led to stigmatization and ostracization of the intellectually impaired.
36
Who were the pioneers in the field of children’s intellectual functioning?
Alfred Binet and Theophile Simon
37
What was the primary goal of Binet and Simon's work?
To identify schoolchildren in Paris who might need special help in school
38
What did Binet and Simon develop to measure judgment and reasoning?
The first intelligence tests
39
What type of tasks were included in the early intelligence tests?
Manipulating unfamiliar objects, solving puzzles, matching familiar parts of objects
40
What is the modern version of Binet and Simon's test called?
Stanford–Binet scale
41
What does general intellectual functioning now get defined by?
An intelligence quotient (IQ or equivalent)
42
Name three standardized intelligence tests used for children.
* Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children, 5th edition (WISC-V)
* Stanford–Binet, 5th edition (SB5)
* Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, 2nd edition (KABC-II)
43
What skills do these intelligence tests assess?
* Verbal skills
* Visual-spatial skills
* Mathematical concepts
44
What is the mean IQ score and its standard deviation?
Mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15
45
What percentage of the population has IQ scores within 2 standard deviations of the mean?
Approximately 95%
46
What is defined as below average intellectual functioning?
An IQ of about 70 or below
47
What does the definition of intellectual developmental disorder include?
Below average intellectual functioning and an impaired level of adaptive functioning
48
What is adaptive functioning?
How effectively individuals cope with ordinary life demands and live independently
49
Can children with lower IQ scores still adapt well to their environment?
Yes
50
What are the three major categories of adaptive behavior?
* Conceptual skills
* Social skills
* Practical skills
51
Which standardized instruments are used to assess adaptive skills?
* Adaptive Behavior Assessment System—Third Edition (ABAS-III)
* Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales—Third Edition (Vineland-3)
52
What is the general stability of IQ from childhood through adulthood?
IQ tends to be generally stable from childhood through adulthood
53
At what age does IQ measured prior to the first birthday correlate with IQ at age 12?
IQ measured prior to the first birthday has virtually no correlation with IQ at age 12
54
What is the correlation coefficient between IQ at age 4 and IQ 12 years later?
The correlation is high (r = 0.77)
55
Do infants with developmental delays show IQ stability over time?
Yes, infants with developmental delays show IQ stability over time
56
What is the range of correlation between infant and childhood IQ test scores for children with low IQ levels?
Correlations range from 0.50 to 0.97
57
What can help children with developmental delays reach their fullest potential?
Proper environmental circumstances and early stimulation programs
58
What factors impact neurodevelopment and differ across racial/ethnic groups?
Socioeconomic status, family income, family conflict, and acculturation
59
What significant disparities did the COVID-19 pandemic expose?
Disparities in infection and recovery rates by race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and place of residence
60
How much can IQ change for some individuals between childhood and adolescence?
IQ can change by 10 to 20 points
61
What environmental factors promote health and cognitive development in children?
Access to safe outdoor space, nutrition, diverse social interactions
62
What is the Flynn effect?
The phenomenon of rising IQ scores over generations
63
What is the average increase in IQ points per decade according to the Flynn effect?
About 3 IQ points per decade
64
What parenting style has emerged in recent decades that may affect children's cognitive capacity?
A relatively permissive and child-focused parenting style
65
What is the impact of re-norming IQ tests on individuals with borderline and mild intellectual developmental disorder?
Test scores drop an average of 5.6 points
66
What is the reported change in the Flynn effect for the first time in 100 years according to a 2023 study?
The Flynn effect may be in reverse for younger individuals
67
What is the typical mean difference in intelligence test scores between Black and White people?
About 1 standard deviation (about 15 IQ points)
68
What has been suggested about IQ gains among Black people since 1972?
Black people have gained 4 to 7 IQ points on non-Hispanic White people
69
What are the simplest explanations for existing group differences in IQ test performance?
Economic and social inequity
70
What significant increase in IQ can occur when children are adopted from working-class to middle-class homes?
A 12-point to 18-point increase
71
What discriminatory practice influences the quality of schools in lower-income neighborhoods?
Redlining
72
What is a key factor in public school funding?
Funding is derived from property taxes
73
What encompasses the widest variation in cognitive and behavioral abilities of any childhood disorder?
Intellectual disabilities
## Footnote
This includes a range of conditions affecting cognitive functioning.
74
What is the age of Matthew, who has mild intellectual developmental disorder?
6 years old
75
What is a significant challenge Matthew faces at school?
Understanding the rules of games
## Footnote
He is often teased due to his slowness in understanding.
76
What type of intellectual developmental disorder does Vanessa have?
Moderate intellectual developmental disorder
77
At what age is Vanessa diagnosed with moderate intellectual developmental disorder?
8 years old
78
What skills can Vanessa perform with minimum assistance?
Feeding and dressing herself
79
How does Vanessa communicate?
In short sentences, though not always discernible to others
80
What type of assistance does Vanessa require daily?
Assistance to complete her routines
81
What common educational setting do both Matthew and Vanessa attend?
A local school
82
What sometimes overshadows the special needs of children with intellectual disabilities?
Economic and educational limitations
83
What is required from parents, teachers, and professionals to support children with intellectual disabilities?
Creativity and coordinated assistance
84
Fill in the blank: Matthew’s speech and language development was _______.
delayed
85
True or False: Matthew has significant physical and cognitive impairments.
False
86
What social issue does Matthew face with his peers?
Being teased due to his slowness
87
What is the definition of intellectual developmental disorder (IDD)?
A disorder with onset during the developmental period that includes both intellectual and adaptive functioning deficits in conceptual, social, and practical domains
## Footnote
IDD is also known as intellectual disability.
88
What are the three core features that describe intellectual developmental disorder?
* Deficits in intellectual functions, such as reasoning, problem solving, and abstract thinking
* Deficits in adaptive functioning that limit daily life activities
* Onset of deficits during the developmental period
89
What deficits must be present in intellectual functions to meet the diagnostic criteria for IDD?
Deficits in reasoning, problem solving, planning, abstract thinking, judgment, academic learning, and learning from experience
## Footnote
These deficits are confirmed by clinical assessment and standardized intelligence testing.
90
What is the significance of adaptive functioning deficits in diagnosing IDD?
They result in failure to meet developmental and sociocultural standards for personal independence and social responsibility
91
True or False: A below IQ score is sufficient for a diagnosis of intellectual developmental disorder.
False
## Footnote
Significant impairment in adaptive behavior must also be demonstrated.
92
What is the age limit for the onset of intellectual and adaptive deficits in IDD?
Before age 18
93
What are the four levels of impairment specified in the diagnosis of IDD?
* Mild
* Moderate
* Severe
* Profound
94
Why does the DSM-5 not provide specific IQ cutoff limits for IDD diagnosis?
To allow greater focus on adaptive functioning and levels of support required
95
Fill in the blank: Children with mild intellectual impairments can carry out their daily routines much like _______.
other children
96
What challenges do children with IDD face in developing friendships?
Limited ability to comprehend what other children express, particularly during games and social activities
97
What are the implications of environmental context in assessing individuals with IDD?
Assessment must consider cultural and environmental factors that affect performance in tasks
98
What is the relationship between adaptive skills and an individual's experience?
Exhibiting adaptive skills is related to both ability and experience or opportunity
99
What is the impact of a poorly matched learning environment on children with IDD?
It can disrupt their developmental progress
100
Who may not perform well on standard IQ tests but still function well in their surroundings?
Persons with adaptive skills that may not be reflected in IQ scores
101
What is a common IQ score for individuals with IDD?
2 standard deviations or more below the population mean, typically 70 points or below
102
What is a significant point at which abilities of children with IDD are compared?
When children enter the school system
103
True or False: The majority of people diagnosed with IDD fall into the moderate range.
False
## Footnote
The majority fall into the mild range.
104
What are the four levels of severity for Intellectual Developmental Disorder?
Mild, Moderate, Severe, Profound
105
What are the primary domains used to assess severity levels in Intellectual Developmental Disorder?
Conceptual, Social, Practical
106
Define the severity level 'Mild' in the conceptual domain for preschool children.
No obvious conceptual differences
107
In the social domain, what difficulties do children with mild Intellectual Developmental Disorder face?
Show immaturity in social interactions, difficulty perceiving peers’ social cues
108
What practical support might adults with mild Intellectual Developmental Disorder need?
Support with shopping, transportation, home and child care, organizing, cooking, and money management
109
For moderate severity, how does conceptual skill development compare to peers?
Conceptual skills lag markedly behind those of peers
110
What are common social behaviors of individuals with moderate Intellectual Developmental Disorder?
Shows marked differences from peers in social and communicative behavior, limited social judgment
111
In what ways do adults with moderate Intellectual Developmental Disorder function independently?
Eat, dress, eliminate, and practice hygiene age-appropriately after extended teaching
112
What characterizes the conceptual skills of individuals with severe Intellectual Developmental Disorder?
Attains few conceptual skills, needs caregivers for problem-solving support
113
What is the communication ability of individuals with severe Intellectual Developmental Disorder?
Exhibits limited spoken language, uses single words or phrases
114
What level of support do individuals with profound Intellectual Developmental Disorder require for daily living?
Dependent on others for all aspects of daily physical care
115
What are some behaviors exhibited by individuals with profound Intellectual Developmental Disorder?
May express desires and emotions nonverbally, enjoys relationships with familiar others
116
What shift is noted in the definition of Intellectual Developmental Disorder in the DSM-5?
Shift from IQ scores to necessary supports for individual functioning
117
What is the estimated percentage of individuals with mild Intellectual Developmental Disorder?
Approximately 85%
118
What developmental delays might children with mild Intellectual Developmental Disorder show during preschool years?
Small delays in development, particularly in expressive language
119
What are some examples of support areas for individuals with Intellectual Developmental Disorder?
* Teaching and Education Activities
* Home Living Activities
* Community Living Activities
* Employment Activities
* Health and Safety Activities
* Behavioral Activities
* Social Activities
* Protection and Advocacy Activities
120
Fill in the blank: Children with mild Intellectual Developmental Disorder may have limited _______ in social interactions.
maturity
121
True or False: Individuals with severe Intellectual Developmental Disorder typically have a good understanding of written language.
False
122
What is a common characteristic of maladaptive behaviors in individuals with moderate Intellectual Developmental Disorder?
Present in a significant minority and cause social difficulties
123
What is the estimated prevalence of intellectual developmental disorder among the general population?
1% to 3%
## Footnote
Based on distributions of intelligence below 70 (two standard deviations from average).
124
What factors contribute to the variability in prevalence estimates of intellectual developmental disorder?
IQ measurement problems, different definitions of IDD, varying study designs
## Footnote
Variability occurs across time and countries.
125
What is the male-to-female ratio among children with mild intellectual developmental disorder?
1.6:1
## Footnote
Males outnumber females among other severity levels as well.
126
True or False: Gender differences in the diagnosis of intellectual developmental disorder are likely to reflect true differences in prevalence.
False
## Footnote
They may be artifacts of identification and referral patterns.
127
What genetic disorder is suspected to contribute to a male excess of intellectual developmental disorder?
Fragile-X syndrome
## Footnote
This condition affects males more often than females.
128
How does socioeconomic status (SES) relate to the prevalence of intellectual developmental disorder?
Higher prevalence among children of lower SES
## Footnote
Especially significant among children with mild intellectual developmental disorder.
129
What percentage of children from the lowest SES category are diagnosed with mild intellectual developmental disorder?
About 2.5%
## Footnote
This contrasts sharply with near zero among higher SES categories.
130
What factors contribute to the overrepresentation of minority and low-SES children in mild intellectual developmental disorder diagnoses?
Economic deprivation, home environment, maternal characteristics
## Footnote
These factors influence both diagnosis and actual prevalence.
131
What was the initial IQ difference between Black and White children at age 5, before adjustments?
Almost 18 points
## Footnote
This difference was reduced by about 71% after adjusting for poverty and home environment.
132
What is the role of access to quality education in shaping cognitive functioning?
Significant impact on intellectual and adaptive abilities
## Footnote
Reinforces the connection between environment and perceived intellectual ability.
133
What are the DSM-5-TR criteria for intellectual developmental disorder?
Deficits in intellectual functioning, deficits in adaptive functioning, onset during developmental period
## Footnote
Confirmed by IQ testing and clinical assessment.
134
How does the DSM-5 classify levels of intellectual developmental disorder severity?
Mild, moderate, severe, profound
## Footnote
Based on adaptive functioning.
135
What is the estimated occurrence of intellectual developmental disorder among males compared to females?
More often among males
## Footnote
This is consistent across various studies.
136
What social factors influence the likelihood of a diagnosis of intellectual developmental disorder?
Racial discrimination, poverty, cultural insensitivity
## Footnote
These factors shape and influence diagnoses.
137
What do infants rely on to explore their world?
Primitive sensorimotor functions: touching, tasting, and manipulating objects
## Footnote
Infants use these functions to learn about their environment.
138
At what age do toddlers begin to acquire language?
Between 18 and 24 months of age
139
What role do environmental conditions play in a toddler's development?
They foster enthusiasm for learning and establish roots of intellectual sophistication
140
What is the most common cause of moderate to severe intellectual developmental disorder?
Chromosome abnormalities
141
Which disorder is the most common resulting from chromosome abnormalities?
Down syndrome
142
What is the developmental-versus-difference controversy?
The debate on whether all children progress through developmental milestones in a similar sequence at different rates or develop in a different, less organized fashion
143
How does Carlos describe his early development compared to his younger brother?
Similar, but much slower
144
What does the similar sequence hypothesis state?
All children, with or without intellectual developmental disorder, pass through stages of cognitive development in an identical order
145
What does the similar structure hypothesis suggest?
Children with intellectual developmental disorder demonstrate the same behaviors as typically developing children at the same level of cognitive functioning
146
What does the difference viewpoint argue regarding cognitive development?
It differs in more than developmental rate and upper limit, showing qualitatively different reasoning and problem-solving strategies
147
What type of intellectual developmental disorder follows developmental stages in an invariant order?
Familial intellectual developmental disorder
148
What slight deficits do children with familial intellectual developmental disorder show?
Memory and information processing deficits
149
What is the developmental pattern for children with organically based intellectual developmental disorder?
They often have specific deficit areas that cause poorer performance than mental-age-matched peers
150
Fill in the blank: Carlos is likely to show some differences in his performance in areas such as _______.
Expressive language
151
True or False: Carlos will likely pass through the same developmental sequences as his younger brother.
True
152
What is the impact of mild intellectual developmental disorder on children's learning in regular schools?
Children may experience a sense of helplessness and frustration, affecting their social and cognitive development
## Footnote
These children can learn in regular classrooms but may struggle with motivation.
153
How does expectation of failure affect children with mild intellectual developmental disorder?
They may begin to expect failure even for tasks they can master, leading to decreased motivation
## Footnote
This phenomenon is linked to a lack of proper instruction.
154
What negative experiences did Ed describe regarding his teacher's perception of him?
He felt abandoned and that his teacher was annoyed to have him in her class
## Footnote
This highlights the emotional impact of negative perceptions by educators.
155
How do children with intellectual developmental disorder typically set their goals compared to typically developing children?
They may set lower goals for themselves and settle for minimal success
## Footnote
This is in contrast to typically developing peers of the same mental age.
156
What role do adults play in the motivation of children with intellectual developmental disorder?
Adults may be less likely to urge persistence after failure compared to typically developing children
## Footnote
This can unintentionally reinforce reduced effort and motivation.
157
What factors can improve the motivation and task engagement of children with mild intellectual developmental disorder?
Stimulating environments and caregiver support
## Footnote
These elements help in developing goal-directed behavior.
158
What type of classroom environment is best for children with intellectual disabilities?
An encouraging and challenging environment with effective accommodations and individualized support
## Footnote
This addresses their educational and social needs.
159
Is intellectual developmental disorder necessarily a lifelong disorder?
No, it is not necessarily a lifelong disorder.
160
How does the IQ score relate to intellectual developmental disorder?
The IQ score can fluctuate in relation to the level of impairment and type of intellectual developmental disorder.
161
What can children with mild intellectual developmental disorder develop with appropriate training?
They may develop good adaptive skills in other domains.
162
Can children with mild intellectual developmental disorder exceed the level of impairment for diagnosis?
Yes, they may exceed the level of impairment required for a diagnosis.
163
What is the stability of intellectual developmental disorder from childhood into adulthood?
It is a relatively stable condition.
164
Fill in the blank: The IQ score can fluctuate in relation to the level of _______ and type of intellectual developmental disorder.
impairment
165
What type of play do children with intellectual developmental disorder learn similarly to other children?
Symbolic play, including games, puppets, and sports.
166
Why do children with intellectual developmental disorder often fail to gain their peers’ acceptance in regular education settings?
Deficits in social skills and social–cognitive abilities.
167
What is a growing concern regarding children with intellectual developmental disorder?
Their social development due to inclusion in regular classrooms.
168
What do typically developing children seem to prefer when it comes to play?
Playing with other typically developing children.
169
What can result from children with intellectual developmental disorder being isolated from their peers?
Increased social isolation.
170
What advantage do integrated classrooms provide for children with intellectual disabilities?
Positive impact on their social interactions.
171
True or False: Integrated classrooms have been shown to negatively impact social interactions of children with intellectual disabilities.
False.
172
Fill in the blank: Concerns about the social development of children with intellectual developmental disorder are increasing due to the movement to include children with different levels of ability in _______.
Regular classrooms.
173
Which researchers highlighted the positive impact of integrated classrooms on social interactions?
Guralnick & Bruder, 2016; Wiley & Siperstein, 2015.
174
What is the prevalence of emotional difficulties in children with mild intellectual developmental disorder?
About one-third
## Footnote
Rutter et al. (1976) study findings
175
What is the prevalence of emotional difficulties in children with severe intellectual developmental disorder?
About one-half
## Footnote
Rutter et al. (1976) study findings
176
How much greater is the risk of emotional and behavioral challenges among children with intellectual disabilities compared to typically developing children?
Three to five times greater
## Footnote
Einfeld, Ellis, & Emerson (2011); Munir (2016)
177
What are the common causes of emotional and behavioral challenges in children with intellectual disabilities?
Limited communication skills, additional stressors, neurological deficits
## Footnote
Adams & Oliver (2011)
178
What types of psychiatric disorders are most commonly diagnosed in children with intellectual developmental disorder?
* Impulse control disorders
* Anxiety disorders
* Mood disorders
## Footnote
Alimovic (2013); Reardon, Gray, & Melvin (2015)
179
True or False: By early adulthood, individuals with intellectual disabilities show lower risk for psychopathology compared to the general population.
False
## Footnote
They continue to show a greater risk.
180
What adjustments are often needed when applying DSM-5-TR diagnostic criteria for mental disorders in children with intellectual developmental disorder?
Adjustments for typical behaviors among children with similar levels of intellectual developmental disorder
## Footnote
Importance of developmental level in diagnoses
181
What developmental period is associated with increased risk for mood disorders in adolescents, particularly those with intellectual developmental disorder?
Adolescence
## Footnote
Hodapp & Dykens (2009)
182
What symptoms do teachers and parents commonly report in children with intellectual developmental disorder?
ADHD-related symptoms
## Footnote
Neece et al. (2013)
183
Fill in the blank: Children with intellectual developmental disorder often require modifications in instruction and structured ______ strategies.
child-management
184
What serious behaviors are associated with children and adults with intellectual developmental disorder?
* Pica
* Self-injurious behavior (SIB)
## Footnote
SIB includes behaviors like head banging and eye gouging.
185
What is the long-term prognosis for pica and self-injurious behaviors in individuals with intellectual developmental disorder?
Not favorable and warrants direct intervention
## Footnote
MacLean & Dornbush (2012)
186
What should clinicians consider when interacting with children with intellectual developmental disorder?
Developmental perspective rather than chronological age
## Footnote
Adjust expectations and teaching methods accordingly.
187
True or False: Using diagnostic labels for children with intellectual developmental disorder should be done freely.
False
## Footnote
Labels should only be used sparingly and when warranted.
188
What are stereotypies in children with intellectual developmental disorder?
Frequent repetition of the same posture, movement, or form of speech
## Footnote
Examples include head banging and hand movements.
189
What impact does teacher presence have on children with intellectual developmental disorder during tasks?
Children are more likely to remain on task
## Footnote
Handen et al. (1998) findings
190
What effect do stimulant medications have on children with intellectual developmental disorder and ADHD?
They improve task performance and accuracy
## Footnote
Simonoff et al. (2013)
191
What is the relationship between intellectual disabilities and physical disabilities?
Children with intellectual disabilities may also suffer from other physical and developmental disabilities that can affect their health and development in pervasive ways.
192
What does the meta-analysis by Oeseburg et al. (2011) indicate about chronic health conditions in children with intellectual disabilities?
The prevalence of chronic health conditions in this population is much higher than in the general population.
193
What is the average life expectancy for individuals with Down syndrome?
Approaching 60 years.
194
What improvements have contributed to the increased life expectancy of individuals with Down syndrome?
Better medical treatments for respiratory infections and congenital heart disorders.
195
What cognitive decline is common for individuals with Down syndrome who live beyond 40 years of age?
Cognitive decline similar to Alzheimer’s disease due to gene damage on chromosome 21.
196
Do children with intellectual developmental disorder follow developmental stages in the same order as typically developing children?
Yes.
197
What often affects the goals and motivation of children with intellectual developmental disorder over time?
Feelings of frustration, leading to expectations of failure.
198
Under what conditions may adaptive skills and levels of impairment improve for children with mild intellectual developmental disorder?
If appropriate training and opportunities are provided.
199
What types of developmental disabilities are common among children with intellectual developmental disorder?
* Speech and language issues
* Behavioral challenges
200
Are emotional and behavioral challenges indicators of mental disorder in children with intellectual developmental disorder?
No, they are considered part of the spectrum of concerns coexisting with the disorder.
201
What other physical and developmental disabilities are children with intellectual developmental disorder more likely to have?
* Cerebral palsy
* Epilepsy
* Emotional and behavioral disorders
202
How many genetic disorders are associated with intellectual developmental disorder?
Over 1,000 genetic disorders
## Footnote
This highlights the complexity and variety of causes related to intellectual developmental disorder.
203
What percentage of individuals with moderate to profound intellectual developmental disorder have known causes?
Almost two-thirds
## Footnote
This indicates a clearer understanding of causes in more severe cases compared to mild cases.
204
What is the known cause percentage for individuals with mild intellectual developmental disorder?
About one-quarter
## Footnote
This reflects the uncertainty surrounding mild intellectual developmental disorder causes.
205
What are the three types of causes associated with intellectual developmental disorder?
Prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal
## Footnote
Each category encompasses different factors affecting development.
206
What distinguishes the organic group of causes from the cultural–familial group?
Organic group has a clear biological basis, while cultural–familial group does not
## Footnote
This distinction is critical in understanding the origins of intellectual disabilities.
207
List the four major categories of risk factors for intellectual disabilities.
* Biomedical
* Social
* Behavioral
* Educational
## Footnote
These categories interact over time and generations, influencing intellectual impairments.
208
What are some prenatal biomedical risk factors for intellectual disabilities?
* Chromosomal disorders
* Single-gene disorders
* Syndromes
* Maternal illness
* Parental age
## Footnote
These factors occur before birth and can significantly impact development.
209
What are the perinatal biomedical risk factors for intellectual disabilities?
* Prematurity
* Birth injury
* Neonatal disorders
## Footnote
These factors occur around the time of birth and can lead to developmental issues.
210
What are some postnatal biomedical risk factors for intellectual disabilities?
* Traumatic brain injury
* Malnutrition
* Meningoencephalitis
* Child abuse and neglect
* Inadequate safety measures
## Footnote
These factors occur after birth and can hinder a child's development.
211
True or False: The distinction between organic and nonorganic risk factors is clearer in milder forms of intellectual developmental disorder than in more severe forms.
False
## Footnote
Milder forms of intellectual developmental disorder show less clear distinctions.
212
What percentage of persons with severe intellectual impairment show a clear etiology for the disorder?
96%
## Footnote
This demonstrates the high likelihood of identifying causes in severe cases.
213
What percentage of persons with mild impairments do not have a clear etiology?
32%
## Footnote
This indicates the challenges in understanding mild intellectual developmental disorders.
214
What proportion of individuals with intellectual developmental disorder show a clear organic cause?
About one-third to one-half
## Footnote
This shows the prevalence of identifiable organic causes compared to cultural–familial causes.
215
What environmental factors are considered likely causes of cultural–familial intellectual developmental disorder?
* Poverty
* Inadequate child care
* Poor nutrition
* Parental psychopathology
## Footnote
These factors primarily affect psychological development rather than biological.
216
How does socioeconomic status relate to organic and cultural–familial groups?
Organic group has a socioeconomic background similar to the general population; cultural–familial group is overrepresented by those of lower socioeconomic status
## Footnote
This suggests that severe intellectual disabilities can affect anyone, while mild disabilities are more prevalent in disadvantaged socio-economic contexts.
217
What has been observed about the percentage of individuals with a clear organic cause over the past few decades?
It has increased
## Footnote
Greater knowledge of genetic and organic causes has improved diagnosis.
218
What assumption about mild intellectual developmental disorder has been tempered by new findings?
The assumption that it is not due to biomedical (organic) causes
## Footnote
Findings show that organic disorders are found more often in mild cases than previously thought.
219
What has received significant attention in the study of human intelligence?
The underlying processes involved in genetic makeup and environmental factors that influence genetic expression
## Footnote
Genetic influences on development are potentially modifiable by environmental input.
220
What do children inherit in terms of intelligence?
A genotype, which is a collection of genes that pertain to intelligence
## Footnote
Children do not inherit an IQ.
221
What is referred to as the phenotype?
The expression of the genotype in the environment
## Footnote
This is the gene–environment interaction.
222
What does heritability of a trait describe?
The proportion of the variation of a trait attributable to genetic influences in the population
## Footnote
Heritability can range from 0% to 100%.
223
What is the estimated heritability of intelligence?
Approximately 50%
## Footnote
Both genetic and nongenetic factors play significant roles.
224
What impact do major environmental variations have on children from disadvantaged backgrounds?
They affect cognitive performance and social adjustment
## Footnote
Children adopted into privileged homes show higher IQ scores and stronger self-esteem.
225
What percentage of IQ similarity in twins is accounted for by a shared prenatal environment?
20%
## Footnote
This is significantly more than the 5% in nontwin siblings.
226
What prenatal influences may be misidentified as genetic?
Nutrition, hormone levels, and toxic substances
## Footnote
These influences can significantly impact IQ.
227
What are the practical benefits of research on prenatal influences?
Improving maternal prenatal care and children's intellectual functioning
## Footnote
Public health initiatives like removing lead from drinking water are examples.
228
True or False: Heritability can be completely determined by genetic factors.
False
## Footnote
Heritability ranges from none to completely genetically determined.
229
Fill in the blank: The heritability of any given trait can range from _____ to 100% genetically determined.
none
230
What is the main challenge in understanding intellectual developmental disorder?
The actual biological mechanisms that cause impaired intellect are poorly understood.
## Footnote
Identification of genes linked to disorders is valuable for screening but does not specify effective treatments.
231
What are some disorders associated with intellectual developmental disorder?
* Down syndrome
* Fragile-X syndrome
* Prader–Willi syndrome
* Angelman syndrome
* Single-gene conditions
232
What is the most common disorder resulting from a chromosome abnormality?
Down syndrome.
233
What are the sex chromosome disorders associated with intellectual developmental disorder?
* Klinefelter’s syndrome (XXY)
* Turner’s syndrome (XO)
234
What has caused the decrease in the number of children born with Down syndrome?
Increased prenatal screening and termination of pregnancies diagnosed with Down syndrome.
235
What are some distinguishing physical features of Down syndrome?
* Small skull
* Large tongue
* Almond-shaped eyes
* Flat nasal bridge
* Short, crooked fifth finger
* Broad, square hands with a simian crease
236
What is trisomy 21?
The presence of three number 21 chromosomes instead of the typical two.
237
How does maternal age affect the incidence of Down syndrome?
Increases from about 1 per 1,000 live births for mothers under 35 to about 20 per 1,000 for mothers 45 and older.
238
What is the role of the hippocampus in children with Down syndrome?
It plays an important role in long-term memory.
239
What is fragile-X syndrome?
The most common inherited cause of intellectual developmental disorder and autism.
240
What is the prevalence of fragile-X syndrome in males and females?
* 1 in 4,000 males
* 1 in 8,000 females
241
What gene is associated with fragile-X syndrome?
FMR-1 gene.
242
True or False: Fragile-X syndrome follows a traditional X-linked inheritance pattern.
False.
243
What behavioral characteristics are common in males with fragile-X syndrome?
* Unusual social patterns
* Shyness
* Poor eye contact
* Significant delays in cognitive development
244
What are common behaviors similar to autism spectrum disorder seen in children with fragile-X syndrome?
* Hand flapping
* Biting themselves
* Repetitious actions
* Walking on toes
245
What is Prader–Willi syndrome characterized by?
* Short stature
* Intellectual developmental disorder
* Incomplete sexual development
* Low muscle tone
* Constant urge to eat
246
What is Angelman syndrome associated with?
Moderate to severe intellectual developmental disorder, ataxia, jerky movements, hand flapping, seizures, and absence of speech.
247
What chromosomal abnormality is associated with both Prader–Willi and Angelman syndromes?
Abnormality of chromosome 15.
248
What are inborn errors of metabolism?
Genetically based metabolic defects causing excesses or shortages of necessary chemicals.
249
What percentage of severe intellectual developmental disorder cases are attributed to inborn errors of metabolism?
3% to 7%.
250
What is phenylketonuria (PKU)?
A rare disorder occurring in approximately 1 in 15,000 births.
251
What are adverse biological conditions that can affect fetal and infant development?
Malnutrition, exposure to toxic substances, prenatal and perinatal stressors.
252
What is the period of greatest susceptibility for fetal development?
The first trimester.
253
What percentage of intellectual developmental disorder is accounted for by complications during pregnancy and delivery?
About 10%.
254
What general medical conditions acquired during infancy or childhood account for about 5% of intellectual developmental disorder?
Infections, traumas, accidental poisonings.
255
What is the most widely recognized preventable cause of intellectual developmental disorder?
Prenatal exposure to alcohol.
256
What does FASD stand for?
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder.
257
What can even small amounts of alcohol during pregnancy negatively affect?
Growth and intellectual abilities of a fetus.
258
What was the term coined by the APA to describe the increase in alcohol use during the pandemic?
Hidden epidemic.
259
What is the estimated occurrence rate of fetal alcohol syndrome in school-aged children?
6 to 9 per 1,000.
260
How much higher is the incidence of fetal alcohol syndrome among Black people compared to majority populations?
About four times higher.
261
What are the key characteristics of fetal alcohol syndrome?
CNS dysfunction, facial feature abnormalities, growth retardation.
262
What is the average IQ range of children with fetal alcohol syndrome?
Mild range of intellectual developmental disorder.
263
What long-term difficulties do children with fetal alcohol syndrome often face?
ADHD-like issues including attention deficit and poor impulse control.
264
What are teratogens?
Agents that can cause a birth defect.
265
Which viral infection contracted during the first three months of pregnancy can cause severe fetal defects?
Rubella (German measles).
266
What has virtually eliminated rubella as a cause of intellectual developmental disorder in developed countries?
Immunization.
267
List some other teratogens known to increase the risk of intellectual developmental disorder.
* Syphilis
* Scarlet fever
* Tuberculosis of the nervous system
* Measles
* Mumps
* X-rays
* Certain drugs during pregnancy
* Mechanical pressure during birth
* Lack of oxygen at birth
* Poisons such as lead and carbon monoxide.
268
True or False: Any biochemical or infectious substance that cannot be regulated by the mother’s immune system can pose a risk to fetal development.
True.
269
What are the social and psychological factors associated with intellectual developmental disorder?
Environmental influences, deprived physical and emotional care, mental disorders like autism spectrum disorder.
## Footnote
These factors account for about 15% to 20% of intellectual developmental disorders.
270
What role do parents play in the development of a child with intellectual developmental disorder?
Provide genes and child-rearing environment that shape psychological development.
## Footnote
Parental behaviors such as abuse or neglect can significantly affect development.
271
What is a strength-based approach in the context of families with a child who has an intellectual developmental disorder?
Focuses on how families successfully cope with the demands of raising a child with special needs.
## Footnote
Researchers are interested in positive influences rather than just negative ones.
272
What are some positive effects on family members when raising a child with special needs?
Bringing couples or siblings closer together, adapting successfully using social supports and community resources.
## Footnote
Adaptation can lead to improved family dynamics.
273
What is the significance of early cognitive development for children with Down syndrome?
Strong predictor of developmental progress and self-sufficiency, especially in language.
## Footnote
This understanding aids in identifying factors affecting their adjustment to community living.
274
What are the two main categories of causes for intellectual developmental disorder?
Organic causes and cultural–familial (nonorganic) causes.
## Footnote
Each category has distinct etiological factors.
275
What are examples of organic causes of intellectual developmental disorder?
* Genetic factors
* Chromosome abnormalities
* Single-gene conditions
* Neurobiological influences
## Footnote
These factors are inherent and biological in nature.
276
What are suspected cultural–familial causes of intellectual developmental disorder?
Diverse social, behavioral, and educational risk factors.
## Footnote
These factors are often linked to environmental and familial circumstances.
277
What established risk factors are associated with intellectual developmental disorder?
* Alcohol use
* Lead exposure
* Toxins or injuries affecting prenatal and postnatal development
* Poverty
* Inadequate family supports
* Poor nutrition
* Parental psychopathology
## Footnote
These factors can impact the quality of care and stimulation received by infants.
278
How has the coronavirus pandemic affected the risk of children being born with FASD?
Increased rates of alcohol use during the pandemic.
## Footnote
This situation raises concerns about fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.
279
Fill in the blank: The two-group approach emphasizes the important etiological differences between _______ and cultural–familial causes of intellectual developmental disorder.
organic causes
CHILD PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
flashcards
Decks in class (21)
# Cards
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chapter 288
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Chapter 1373
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chapter 4180
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chapter 14212
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chapter 5279
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chapter 7170
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chapter 6163
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Intellectual Developmental Disorder Lecture23
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Learning Disabilities Lecture31
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ASD Lecture31
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Chapter 8224
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Chapter 9: Conduct Problems47
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Chapter 11: Anxiety Disorders172
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Chapter 11: Anxiety Disorders pt 256
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Chapter 11: Anxiety Disorders pt 338
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Chapter 10: Depressive Disorders pt 1101
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Chapter 10: Depressive Disorders pt 2101
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Chapter 10: Depressive Disorders pt 379
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Chapter 12: Trauma related disorders107
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Chapter 12 pt 284
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Chapter 9 pt 2162
