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chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

nose

A

filtering structure that moistens and warms air entering the respiratory system

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2
Q

paranasal sinuses

A

air cavities within the cranial bones that open into the nasal cavities

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3
Q

nasal septum

A

partition separating the right and left nasal cavities

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4
Q

pharynx

A

food and air passageway.

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5
Q

adenoids

A

lymphoid tissue located on the posterior wall of the nasal cavity (also called pharyngeal tonsils)

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6
Q

tonsils

A

lymphoid tissue located on the lateral wall at the junction of the oral cavity and oropharynx

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7
Q

larynx

A

structure housing the vocal cords. Air enters from the pharynx. (also called voice box)

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8
Q

epiglottis

A

flap of cartilage that automatically covers the opening of the larynx and keeps food from entering the larynx during swallowing

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9
Q

trachea

A

air passageway from the larynx to the bronchi (also called windpipe)

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10
Q

mucous membranes

A

lining of the cavities of the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, and trachea that secretes a thin, lubricating fluid (mucus

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11
Q

lungs

A

two spongelike organs in the thoracic cavity. right- 3 lobes, left- 2 lobes

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12
Q

bronchus (pl. bronchi)

A

one of two passageways branching from the trachea that conducts air into the lungs, where it divides and subdivides into smaller structures. The branchings resemble a tree; therefore, they are referred to as a bronchial tree.

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13
Q

bronchioles

A

smallest subdivision of the bronchial tree

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14
Q

alveoli (s. alveolus)

A

air sacs at the end of the bronchioles

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15
Q

thorax

A

chest, the part of the body between the neck and the diaphragm encased by the ribs

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16
Q

pleura

A

double-folded, serous membrane lining the thoracic cavity (parietal pleura) and covering each lung (visceral pleura).

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17
Q

mediastinum

A

space between the lungs. It contains the heart, esophagus, trachea, great blood vessels, and other structures.

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18
Q

diaphragm

A

muscular partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity

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19
Q

adenoid/o

A

adenoids

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20
Q

alveol/o

A

alveolus (s.), alveoli (pl.)

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21
Q

bronch/o

A

bronchus (s.), bronchi (pl.)

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22
Q

bronchi/o

A

bronchus (s.), bronchi (pl.)

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23
Q

diaphragmat/o

A

diaphragm

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24
Q

epiglott/o

A

epiglottis

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25
laryng/o
larynx
26
lob/o
lobe(s)
27
mediastin/o
mediastinum
28
nas/o
nose
29
pharyng/o
pharynx
30
pleur/o
pleura
31
pneum/o
lung, air
32
pneumon/o
lung, air
33
pulmon/o
lung
34
rhin/o
nose
35
sept/o
septum
36
sinus/o
sinus(es)
37
thorac/o
thorax, chest, chest cavity
38
tonsill/o
tonsil(s) (Note: tonsil has one l, and the combining form has two ls.)
39
trache/o
trachea
40
atel/o
imperfect, incomplete
41
capn/o
carbon dioxide
42
carcin/o
cancer
43
coni/o
dust
44
hem/o
blood
45
muc/o
mucus
46
myc/o
fungus
47
orth/o
straight
48
ox/i
oxygen
49
phon/o
sound, voice
50
py/o
pus
51
somn/o
sleep
52
spir/o
breathe, breathing
53
a-, an-
absence of, without (Note: an- is used when the word root begins with a vowel.)
54
dys-
painful, abnormal, difficult, labored
55
endo-
within
56
eu-
normal, good
57
hyper-
above, excessive
58
hypo-
below, incomplete, deficient, under
59
intra-
within
60
neo-
new
61
poly-
many, much
62
tachy-
fast, rapid
63
-al
pertaining to
64
-ar, -ary
pertaining to
65
-cele
hernia, protrusion
66
-centesis
surgical puncture to aspirate fluid (with a sterile needle)
67
-desis
surgical fixation, fusion
68
-eal
pertaining to
69
-ectasis
stretching out, dilation, expansion
70
-ectomy
excision, surgical removal
71
-emia
in the blood
72
-genic
producing, originating, causing
73
-ia
diseased state, condition of
74
-ic
pertaining to
75
-itis
inflammation
76
-logist
one who studies and treats (specialist, physician)
77
-logy
study of
78
-meter
instrument used to measure
79
-metry
measurement
80
-oid
resembling
81
-oma
tumor, swelling
82
-osis
abnormal condition
83
-ous
pertaining to
84
-plasm
growth, substance, formation
85
-plasty
surgical repair
86
-pnea
breathing
87
-ptysis
spitting, coughing
88
-rrhagia
excessive bleeding
89
-rrhea
flow, discharge
90
-scope
instrument used for visual examination
91
-scopic
pertaining to visual examination
92
-scopy
visual examination
93
-spasm
sudden, involuntary muscle contraction (spasmodic contraction)
94
-stenosis
constriction or narrowing
95
-stomy
creation of an artificial opening
96
-thorax
chest, chest cavity
97
-tomy
cut into, incision
98
adenoiditis
inflammation of the adenoids
99
alveolitis
inflammation of the alveoli (pulmonary or dental)
100
atelectasis
incomplete expansion (of the lung or portion of the lung)
101
bronchiectasis
dilation of the bronchi
102
bronchitis
inflammation of the bronchi
103
bronchogenic carcinoma
cancerous tumor originating in a bronchus (also referred to as lung cancer)
104
bronchopneumonia
diseased state of the bronchi and lungs (an inflammation of the lungs that begins in the terminal bronchioles)
105
bronchospasm
involuntary muscle contraction of the bronchi
106
diaphragmatocele
hernia of the diaphragm (also called diaphragmatic hernia)
107
epiglottitis
inflammation of the epiglottis
108
hemothorax
blood in the chest cavity (pleural cavity)
109
laryngitis
inflammation of the larynx
110
laryngospasm
involuntary muscle contraction of the larynx
111
laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB)
inflammation of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi (the acute form is called croup)
112
lobar pneumonia
pertaining to the lobe(s); diseased state of the lung (infection of one or more lobes of the lung)
113
nasopharyngitis
inflammation of the nose and pharynx
114
pharyngitis
inflammation of the pharynx
115
pleuritis
inflammation of the pleura (also called pleurisy)
116
pneumoconiosis
abnormal condition of dust in the lungs
117
pneumonia
diseased state of the lung (the infection and inflammation are caused by bacteria such as Pneumococcus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Haemophilus; viruses; and fungi)
118
pneumonitis
inflammation of the lung
119
pneumothorax
air in the chest cavity (specifically, the pleural cavity, which causes collapse of the lung and is often a result of an open chest wound)
120
pulmonary neoplasm
pertaining to (in) the lung, new growth (tumor)
121
pyothorax
pus in the chest cavity (pleural cavity) (also called empyema)
122
rhinitis
inflammation of the nose (mucous membranes)
123
rhinomycosis
abnormal condition of fungus in the nose
124
rhinorrhagia
excessive bleeding from the nose (also called epistaxis)
125
sinusitis
inflammation of the sinuses
126
tonsillitis
inflammation of the tonsils
127
tracheitis
inflammation of the trachea
128
tracheostenosis
narrowing of the trachea
129
acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
life-threatening lung condition caused by disease or injury. Fluid accumulates in the alveoli, resulting in hypoxemia. Symptoms include dyspnea, tachypnea, and cyanosis.
130
asphyxia
deprivation of oxygen for tissue use; suffocation
131
asthma
respiratory disease characterized by coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath, caused by constriction and inflammation of airways that is reversible between attacks
132
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
progressive lung disease obstructing air flow, which makes breathing difficult. Chronic bronchitis and pulmonary emphysema are the two main components of COPD. Most COPD is a result of cigarette smoking.
133
coccidioidomycosis (cocci)
fungal disease affecting the lungs and sometimes other organs of the body (also called valley fever)
134
croup (kroop)
condition resulting from acute obstruction of the larynx, characterized by a barking cough, hoarseness, and stridor. It may be caused by viral or bacterial infection, allergy, or foreign body. Occurs mainly in children. (also called laryngotracheobronchitis)
135
cystic fibrosis (CF)
hereditary disorder of the exocrine glands characterized by excess mucus production in the respiratory tract, pancreatic deficiency, and other symptoms
136
deviated septum
one part of the nasal cavity is smaller because of malformation or injury of the nasal septum
137
diphtheria
serious bacterial infection affecting the mucous membranes of the nose and throat. It creates a thick, gray sheet covering the pharynx, which can lead to difficulty breathing, heart failure, paralysis, and even death.
138
emphysema
loss of elasticity of the alveoli resulting in distention causing stretching of the lung. As a result, the body does not receive enough oxygen. (component of COPD)
139
epistaxis
nosebleed (also called rhinorrhagia)
140
idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)
chronic progressive lung disorder characterized by increasing scarring, which ultimately reduces the capacity of the lungs; etiology unknown.
141
influenza (flu)
contagious respiratory infection caused by an influenza virus; most illness observed in flu season is caused by influenza virus types A and B.
142
obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)
repetitive pharyngeal collapse during sleep, which leads to transient periods of apnea (absence of breathing); can produce daytime drowsiness and elevated blood pressure
143
pertussis
highly contagious bacterial infection of the respiratory tract characterized by a severe hacking cough, followed by an acute crowing inspiration, or whoop. It mainly affects infants too young to be vaccinated and adults whose immunity to the vaccine has faded. (also called whooping cough)
144
pleural effusion
fluid in the pleural cavity caused by a disease process or trauma
145
pulmonary edema
fluid accumulation in the alveoli and bronchioles; may be a manifestation of heart failure
146
pulmonary embolism (PE)
matter foreign to the circulation, carried to the pulmonary artery and its branches, where it blocks circulation to the lungs and can be fatal if of sufficient size or number.
147
tuberculosis (TB)
infectious bacterial disease, most commonly spread by inhalation of small particles and usually affecting the lungs; may spread to other organs
148
upper respiratory infection
infection of the nasal cavity, pharynx, or larynx usually caused by a virus (commonly called a cold)
149
adenoidectomy
excision of the adenoids
150
bronchoplasty
surgical repair of a bronchus
151
laryngectomy
excision of the larynx
152
laryngoplasty
surgical repair of the larynx
153
laryngostomy
creation of an artificial opening into the larynx
154
laryngotracheotomy
incision into the larynx and trachea
155
lobectomy
excision of a lobe (of the lung)
156
pleurodesis
fusion of the pleura (procedure to close the space between the parietal pleura lining the thoracic cavity and the visceral pleura lining the lungs to prevent the buildup of fluid)
157
pneumonectomy
excision of a lung
158
rhinoplasty
surgical repair of the nose
159
septoplasty
surgical repair of the (nasal) septum
160
sinusotomy
incision into a sinus
161
thoracentesis
surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from the chest cavity (also called thoracocentesis)
162
thoracotomy
incision into the chest cavity
163
tonsillectomy
excision of the tonsils
164
tracheoplasty
surgical repair of the trachea
165
tracheostomy
creation of an artificial opening into the trachea
166
tracheotomy
incision into the trachea
167
bronchoscope
instrument used for visual examination of the bronchi
168
bronchoscopy
visual examination of the bronchi
169
endoscope
instrument used for visual examination within (a hollow organ or body cavity)
170
endoscopic
pertaining to visual examination within (a hollow organ or body cavity)
171
endoscopy
visual examination within (a hollow organ or body cavity)
172
laryngoscope
instrument used for visual examination of the larynx
173
laryngoscopy
visual examination of the larynx
174
mediastinoscopy
visual examination of the mediastinum
175
thoracoscope
instrument used for visual examination of the chest cavity
176
thoracoscopy
visual examination of the chest cavity
177
polysomnography (PSG)
process of recording many (tests) during sleep (performed to diagnose obstructive sleep apnea
178
capnometer
instrument used to measure carbon dioxide (levels in expired gas)
179
oximeter
instrument used to measure oxygen (saturation in the blood) (Note: the combining vowel is i.)
180
spirometer
instrument used to measure breathing (or lung volumes)
181
spirometry
a measurement of breathing (or air flow)
182
chest computed tomography (CT) scan
computerized radiographic images of the chest performed to diagnose tumors, abscesses, and pleural effusion
183
chest radiograph (CXR)
radiographic image of the chest performed to evaluate the lungs and the heart (also called a chest x-ray)
184
lung ventilation/perfusion scan (V/Q scan)
two nuclear scan tests, one to measure air flow throughout the lungs (ventilation), and one to measure circulation to all areas of the lungs (perfusion). A V/Q scan is used most often to help diagnose or rule out a pulmonary embolism (PE).
185
acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smear
test performed on sputum to determine the presence of acid-fast bacilli, which cause tuberculosis
186
arterial blood gas (ABG)
test performed on arterial blood to determine levels of oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and pH (acidity)
187
peak flow meter
portable instrument used to measure air flow early in forced exhalation; helps monitor asthma and adjust medication accordingly
188
pulmonary function tests (PFTs)
group of tests performed to measure breathing capacity and used to determine external respiratory function; when abnormal, they are useful in distinguishing COPD from asthma. Some tests involve the use of a spirometer.
189
pulse oximetry
noninvasive method of measuring oxygen in the blood by using a device that attaches to the fingertip
190
auscultation
the act of listening through a stethoscope for sounds within the body that are abnormal and that suggest abnormalities or disease
191
percussion
the act of tapping of a body surface to determine the density of the part beneath by the sound obtained.
192
PPD skin test
test performed on individuals who may have been exposed to tuberculosis. PPD (purified protein derivative) of the tuberculin bacillus is injected intradermally. Positive tests indicate previous exposure, not necessarily active tuberculosis. (also called TB skin test)
193
stethoscope
instrument used to hear internal body sounds; used for performing auscultation and blood pressure measurement
194
acapnia
condition of absence (less than normal level) of carbon dioxide (in the blood); (lab finding)
195
anoxia
condition of absence (deficiency) of oxygen; (lab finding)
196
aphonia
condition of absence of voice
197
apnea
absence of breathing
198
dysphonia
condition of difficult speaking (voice)
199
dyspnea
difficult breathing
200
eupnea
normal breathing
201
hemoptysis
coughing of blood (or blood-stained sputum)
202
hypercapnia
condition of excessive carbon dioxide (in the blood); (lab finding)
203
hyperpnea
excessive breathing
204
hypocapnia
condition of deficient carbon dioxide (in the blood); (lab finding)
205
hypopnea
deficient breathing
206
hypoxemia
deficient oxygen in the blood; (lab finding)
207
hypoxia
condition of deficient oxygen (to the tissues); (lab finding)
208
orthopnea
breathing (more easily) in a straight (upright position) (indicates difficulty breathing in the supine position)
209
rhinorrhea
discharge from the nose (as in a cold)
210
tachypnea
rapid breathing
211
pulmonologist
physician who studies and treats diseases of the lung
212
pulmonology
study of the lung (a branch of medicine dealing with diseases of the lung)
213
alveolar
pertaining to the alveolus
214
bronchoalveolar
pertaining to the bronchi and alveoli
215
diaphragmatic
pertaining to the diaphragm
216
endotracheal
pertaining to within the trachea
217
intrapleural
pertaining to within the pleura (space between the two pleural membranes)
218
laryngeal
pertaining to the larynx
219
mediastinal
pertaining to the mediastinum
220
mucoid
resembling mucus
221
mucous
pertaining to mucus
222
nasopharyngeal
pertaining to the nose and pharynx
223
pulmonary
pertaining to the lungs
224
septal
pertaining to the septum
225
thoracic
pertaining to the chest
226
crackles
discontinuous sounds heard primarily with a stethoscope during inspiration that resemble the sound of the rustling of cellophane; often heard at the base of the lung posteriorly in heart failure, pneumonia, and pulmonary fibrosis (also called rales)
227
effusion
escape of fluid into tissue or body cavity
228
hyperventilation
ventilation of the lungs beyond normal body needs
229
hypoventilation
ventilation of the lungs that does not fulfill the body’s gas exchange needs
230
paroxysm
periodic, sudden attack
231
rhonchi
low-pitched, with a snoring quality, breath sounds heard with a stethoscope suggesting secretions in the large airways
232
stridor
harsh, high-pitched breath sound heard on inspiration; indicates an acute laryngeal obstruction
233
wheeze
whistling noise with a high pitch, caused by air flowing through narrowed airways. Commonly associated with asthma and chronic bronchitis.
234
bronchoconstrictor
agent causing narrowing of the bronchi
235
bronchodilator
agent causing the bronchi to widen
236
nebulizer
device that creates a mist used to deliver medication for giving respiratory treatment
237
ventilator
mechanical device used to assist with or substitute for breathing
238
mucopurulent
containing both mucus and pus
239
patent
open, the opposite of closed or compromised, thus allowing passage of air, as in patent trachea and bronchi (can be applied to any tubular passageway in the body, as in a patent artery, allowing passage of blood)
240
sputum
mucus from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea expelled through the mouth by coughing (also called phlegm)
241
airway
passageway by which air enters and leaves the lungs; also a mechanical device used to keep the air passageway open
242
aspirate
to withdraw fluid or suction fluid; also to draw foreign material into the respiratory tract
243
nosocomial infection
an infection acquired during hospitalization
244
ARDS
acute respiratory distress syndrome
245
CAP
community-acquired pneumonia
246
CF
cystic fibrosis
247
cocci
coccidioidomycosis; spoken as a whole word (KAHK-sē)
248
COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
249
COVID-19
coronavirus disease; spoken as whole words (CŌ-vid) (NĪN-tēn)
250
flu
influenza; spoken as a whole word (floo)
251
HAP
hospital-acquired pneumonia
252
IPF
idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
253
LTB
laryngotracheobronchitis
254
OSA
obstructive sleep apnea
255
PE
pulmonary embolism
256
RSV
respiratory syncytial virus
257
TB
tuberculosis
258
URI
upper respiratory infection
259
BP
blood pressure
260
P
pulse
261
R
respirations
262
SOB
shortness of breath
263
T
temperature
264
VS
vital signs
265
ABG
arterial blood gas
266
AFB
acid-fast bacilli
267
CXR
chest radiograph (chest x-ray)
268
PFM
peak flow meter
269
PFTs
pulmonary function tests
270
PSG
polysomnography
271
VBG
venous blood gas
272
V/Q scan
lung ventilation/perfusion scan
273
CPAP
continuous positive airway pressure
274
LLL
left lower lobe
275
LUL
left upper lobe
276
RLL
right lower lobe
277
RML
right middle lobe
278
RUL
right upper lobe
279
CO2
carbon dioxide
280
O2
oxygen
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