Chapter 8: Appendicular Skeleton

Question 1

What does the pectoral shoulder girdle include

Answer 1

clavicle and scapula

Question 2

What does the medial end of the clavicle articulate with

Answer 2

manubrium of the sternum

Question 3

What does the lateral end of the clavicle articulate with

Answer 3

acromion of the scapula

Question 4

Scapula

Answer 4

the scapula is a flat bone that is located in the superior part of the posterior thorax between the second and seventh ribs

Question 5

Glenoid cavity location and function

Answer 5

glenoid cavity of the scapula serves as an attachment point for the humerus

Question 6

What is the humerus and what does it articulate with

Answer 6

• humerus is also called the upper arm bone
• articulates with the scapula at the glenoid cavity
• humerus articulates with the radius and ulna distally

Question 7

What part of the humerus articulates with the radius and ulna

Answer 7

the trochlea articulates with the ulna and the capitulum articulates with the radius

Question 8

Capitulum of humerus

Answer 8

smooth, rounded eminence on the lateral portion of the distal articular surface of the humerus

Question 9

Intertubercular sulcus location

Answer 9

it is a groove located on the humerus

Question 10

Ulna location and features

Answer 10

• the ulna is located on the medial side of the forearm
• the olecranon and coronoid process at the proximal end of the ulna form the trochlear notch which wraps around the trochlea of the humerus making up the elbow joint

Question 11

Radius location and features

Answer 11

• located at the lateral (thumb) side of the forearm
• the head of the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and with the radial notch of the ulna

Question 12

Carpal bones and how they are attached to each other

Answer 12

• ## the carpal bones are 8 bones connected by ligaments and arranged in 2 rows of 4 bones each

Question 13

Proximal row carpal bones

Answer 13

scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
- the scaphoid and lunate articulate with distal ends of the radius

Question 14

Carpal bones DO NOT articulate with

Answer 14

the ulna

Question 15

Distal row carpal bones

Answer 15

trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
- articulates with metacarpals

Question 16

What is the metacarpus and how many bones is it made of

Answer 16

intermediate region of the hand; palm and it is made up of 5 bones
- numbered 1-5 starting at the thumb

Question 17

Base and heads of metacarpals

Answer 17

• the base of the metacarpals articulate with the distal carpals
• the heads of the metacarpals articulate with the proximal phalanges

Question 18

Phalanges

Answer 18

• there are 14 phalanges in total
• numbered from 1-5
• each thumb contains 2 (proximal and distal)
• other fingers contain 3 ( proximal, middle, distal)

Question 19

Pelvic girdle

Answer 19

• made up of 2 hip bones (os coxa and coxal bones) that articulate with the sacrum posteriorly

Question 20

Each hip bone is made up of …

Answer 20

3 individual bones: ilium, ischium, and pubis

Question 21

What are the 2 bones that articulate anteriorly at the pubic bones at the joints called

Answer 21

pubic symphysis

Question 22

What does the femur articulate with

Answer 22

• the head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone as a ball and socket joint

Question 23

What is the acetabulum of the hip composed of

Answer 23

all 3 bones that make up the hip bone; ilium, ischium and pubis

Question 24

The pelvis is divided into a superior and inferior portion by the…

Answer 24

pelvic inlet

Question 25

Superior pelvis

Answer 25

- the bony pelvis superior to the pelvic inlet is known as the false (greater) pelvis

Question 26

Inferior pelvis

Answer 26

- the area of bone pelvis inferior to the pelvic inlet is known as the true (lesser) pelvis

Question 27

Differences between the male and female pelvic girdle

Answer 27

MALE: - the bone of the male pelvis are usually larger and heavier - pelvic inlet: narrow and heart shaped - pubic arch is less than 90 degrees angle - iliac crest: more curved - sacrum: longer and narrower FEMALE: - the pelvis is wider and shallower - light and thin - pelvic inlet is wide and more oval - pubic arch is greater than a 90 degrees angle - iliac crest: less curved - sacrum; shorter and wider

Question 28

The longest, heaviest and strongest bone in the body

Answer 28

the femur

Question 29

Articulations of the femur

Answer 29

- the proximal end of the femur inserts into the acetabulum of the hip bone - the distal end of the femur articulates with the tibia and patella

Question 30

Patella

Answer 30

- triangular bone (sesamoid bone) that develops in the quadriceps tendon - connects to the femur and tibia

Question 31

What does the patella articulate with

Answer 31

the posterior end of the patella articulates with the lateral medial condyles of the femur - the patellar ligament attaches the patella to the tibia

Question 32

Tibia

Answer 32

- the larger, medial, weight-bearing bone of the leg - proximal end articulates with the femur - distal end articulates with the talus bone of the ankle - the tibial tuberosity on the anterior surface is the point of attachment for the patellar ligament

Question 33

Fibula

Answer 33

- the smaller lateral bone of the leg - proximal end articulates with the tibia (proximal tibiofibular joint) - fibula does not articulate with the femur - distal end articulates with the talus bone of the ankle

Question 34

Tarsal bones

Answer 34

- talus, calcaneus, navicular, 3 cuneiforms and cuboid

Question 35

Metatarsals

Answer 35

- numbered from 1-5 starting with the big toe - metatarsals make up the plantar (sole) and dorsal(top) surface of the foot - proximal end articulates with cuneiform bones and the cuboid - the distal ends articulate with the proximal phalanges

Question 36

Foot arches purpose

Answer 36

- the foot has 2 arches supported by ligaments and tendons - purpose: to allow the foot to support the weight of the body, provide leverage while walking and distribute the body's weight over the foot

Question 37

2 arches of the foot

Answer 37

1) Longitudinal arch: made up of a lateral and medial portion 2) Transverse arch

Question 38

What does skeletal tissue arise from

Answer 38

- arises from the middle primary germ layer in embryos known as the mesoderm, although most of the skull arises from the outer layer called he ectoderm

Question 39

Mesoderm, ectoderm and edoderm turn into

Answer 39

mesenchyme which turns into connective tissue

Question 40

How is the neurocranium formed and what bones are cartilaginous neurocranium

Answer 40

cartiaginous neurocranium undergoes endochondral ossification (forms cartilage first, then bone) - occipital, temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones

Question 41

What bones are membranous neurocranium

Answer 41

- parietal and frontal bones - these bones undergo intramembranous ossification; bone forms directly from connective tissue

Question 42

What bones form the viscerocranium

Answer 42

the bones of the face (ectodermal in origin)

Question 43

What facial bones are cartilaginous viscerocranium and where does it come from

Answer 43

- comes from cartilage of the pharyngeal arches endochondral ossification of these cartilages forms the ear bones and hyoid bone

Question 44

Membraneous viscerocranium

Answer 44

- comes from mesenchyme of the firs pharyngeal arch intramembraneous ossification of these tissues forms the facial bones

Question 45

Development of the skeleton: the skeleton of the limb girdles is derived from...

Answer 45

mesoderm

Question 46

When can upper and lower limb buds be seen in developing embryo

Answer 46

in a 4 week embryo

Question 47

when can hands and foot palates be seen in an embryo

Answer 47

at 6 weeks

Question 48

when can free upper and lower limbs be seen in an embryo

Answer 48

at 8 weeks

Question 49

Radius Job

Answer 49

articulates with the wrist

Question 50

Ulna Job

Answer 50

makes connections at elbow

Question 51

What makes up the medial malleolus (inner ankle)

Answer 51

tibia

Question 52

What makes up the lateral malleolus (outside ankle)

Answer 52

fibula and it articulates with the tibia at the fibular notch

Question 53

What can weakened foot arches lead to

Answer 53

inflammation or plantar fasciitis

Question 54

Function of the talus

Answer 54

to bear weight of the tibia and the fibula