BIOL 235 - Section 1 > Chapter 9 - Joints > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - Joints Flashcards

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1
Q

Define the term articulation or arthrosis

A

Joint, contact between two bones, or bone and cartilage, or bone and teeth. Forms a joint.

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2
Q

Fibrous joints

A

No synovial cavity, bones held together by dense irregular connective tissue that is rich in collagen fibers.

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3
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

No synovial cavity, bones held together by cartilage

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4
Q

Synovial joints

A

Synovial cavity, united by dense irregular connective tissue of an articular capsule, and often by accessory ligaments

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5
Q

Synarthrosis

A

Immovable joint

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6
Q

Amphiarthrosis

A

Slightly movable

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7
Q

Diarthrosis

A

Freely movable, always synovial.

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8
Q

Suture

A

Fibrous joint composed of a thin layer of dense irregular connective tissue, often only in skull.

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9
Q

Synostosis

A

Sutures replaced by bone, complete fusion.

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10
Q

Frontal or metopic suture

A

Sutures that persist beyond age 6

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11
Q

Syndesmosis

A

Fibrous joint, but with more distance between articulating surfaces and dense, irregular, connective tissue that in suture. Limited movement.

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12
Q

Gomphosis or dentoalveolar joint

A

cone-shaped peg fits into socket. Roots of teeth and their sockets, no movement.

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13
Q

Interosseous membrane

A

substantial sheet of dense irregular connective tissue binds neighboring long bones and permits slight movement. Between radius and ulna, and tibia and fibula.

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14
Q

Cartilaginous - synchondrosis

A

Lack synovial cavity, immovable. hyaline cartilage. epiphyseal plate.

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15
Q

Cartilaginous - symphysis

A

Ends of articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage, but a broad, flat disc of fibrocartilage connects the bones.

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16
Q

Synovial joint cavity

A

Allows movement

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17
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Layer of hyaline cartilage, covers articulating surfaces with a smooth, slippery surface, does not bind. Reduces friction and absorbs shock.

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18
Q

Articular capsule

A

Surrounds synovial joint, encloses synovial cavity, unites articulating bones. Outer fibrous membrane, inner synovial membrane.

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19
Q

Fibrous membrane

A

Dense irregular connective tissue (mostly collagen fibers) that attaches to the periosteum of articulating bones. Flexible, tensile strength.

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20
Q

Ligament

A

Fiber bundles, strong.

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21
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Areolar connective tissue with elastic fibers.

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22
Q

Articular fat pad

A

Accumulations of adipose tissue

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23
Q

Synovial fluid

A

Secreted by synovial membrane. Viscous, clear/pale yellow fluid, consists of hyaluronic acid. Reduces friction, lubricates, absorbs shock, supplies oxygen and nutrients, removes co2 and wastes. Phagocytic cells remove microbes and debris.

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24
Q

Accessory ligaments: extracapsular and intracapsular ligaments

A

E-outside articular capsule. In-within but excluded from the synovial cavity.

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25
Articular discs (menisci)
Crescent shaped pads of fibrocartilage, attached to fibrous capsule. Bind strongly
26
Labrum
Prominent in the ball and socket joints of shoulder and hip. Fibrocartilaginous lip that extends from the edge of the joint socket.
27
Bursa
Alleviate friction, fluid filled sacs.
28
Tendon sheaths
Tubelike bursae, wrap tendons, visceral layer to tendon, parietal layer to bone. Between synovial fluid.
29
Types of movements at synovial joints - gliding
Nearly flat bone surfaces move back-and-forth and side-to-side. limited range
30
Types of movements at synovial joints - angular
Change in angle. Flexion, extension, lateral flexion, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, circumduction
31
Types of movements at synovial joints - flexion
Decrease in angle between articulating bones
32
Types of movements at synovial joints - extension
Increase in angle between articulating bones, generally restores to anatomical position
33
Types of movements at synovial joints - lateral flexion
Medial movement, such as thumb to edge of palm
34
Types of movements at synovial joints - hyperextension
Beyond anatomical position,(chin up)
35
Types of movements at synovial joints - abduction or radial deviation
Away from midline (airplane arms)
36
Types of movements at synovial joints - adduction or ulnar deviation
Toward midline (palm to thigh adducts shoulder)
37
Types of movements at synovial joints - circumduction
Distal end of a body part in a circle.
38
Types of movements at synovial joints - rotation medially or laterally
Revolves around its own longitudinal axis. (turning head side to side)
39
Special - elevation
Superior movement, closing the mouth lifts the mandible
40
Special - depression
Inferior movement, such as returning shrugged shoulders
41
Special - protraction
Anteriorly in the transverse plane. Jaw foreword
42
Special - retraction
Protraction returns to anatomical position
43
Special - inversion
Sole medially at the intertarsal joints. (Big toe side upward)
44
Special - eversion
Sole laterally at intertarsal joints (pinky toe side upward)
45
Special - dorsiflexion
Bending of the foot at the ankle or talocrural joint (standing on heels)
46
Special - plantar flexion
Bending the foot at the ankle joint so you stand on ball of foot
47
Special - supination
Anterior palm (forward)
48
Special - pronation
Posterior palm (backward)
49
Special - opposition
Thumb at the carpometacarpal joint, Thumb touches finger tips
50
Plane joint
Back and forth or side to side movements between flat surfaces of bones, also rotate against one another.
51
Hinge joint
Convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another bone. Open and closing motion. (knee, elbow)
52
Pivot joint
Rounded surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed partly by another bone and partly by a ligament
53
Condyloid or ellipsoidal joint
Convex oval shaped projection of one bone fits into the oval shaped depression of another, movement around two axes
54
Saddle joint
Articular surface of one bone is saddle shaped
55
Ball and socket joint
Permits movement around three axes
56
medial and lateral tibiofemoral joints
Laterally is a tibiofemoral joint, between the lateral condyle of the femur, lateral meniscus, and lateral condyle of the tibia, which is the weight-bearing bone of the leg. 2. Medially is another tibiofemoral joint, between the medial condyle of the femur, medial meniscus, and medial condyle of the tibia.
57
patellofemoral joint
An intermediate patellofemoral joint is between the patella and the patellar surface of the femur.
58
articular capsule
some capsular fibers connect the articulating bones
59
patellar ligament
patella to tibial tuberosity
60
tibial collateral ligament
medial surface of joint, extends from medial condyle of femur to medial condyle of tibia
61
fibular collateral ligament
strong, rounded ligament on the lateral surface of the joint, extends from lateral condyle of the femur to the lateral side of the head of the fibula
62
anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
Limits hyperextension, prevents anterior sliding.
63
posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
Prevents posterior sliding of the tibia when the knee is flexed
64
Rheumatism and arthritis
R-not cause by infection or injury but painful. | Arthritis - stiff, swollen, painful joints
65
Osteoarthritis
Degenerative joint disease, cartilage is gradually lost, wear and tear
66
Rheumatoid arthritis
Autoimmune disease, immune system attacks its own tissues
67
Gouty arthritis
Sodium urate crystal are deposited in soft tissues of the joints, feet mostly, bones can fuse
68
Lyme disease
Bite -> rash -> stiffness, fever and chills, headache, stiff neck, nausea, low back pain
BIOL 235 - Section 1
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