COMPLETE Ch 5 - Basic Genetics

Question 1

what are TACG

Answer 1

T = Thymine

C = Cytosine

A = Adenine

G = Guanine

They pair specifically:

A pairs with T (via 2 hydrogen bonds)

C pairs with G (via 3 hydrogen bonds)

Question 2

how many pairs of chromosomes do we have

Answer 2

23

Question 3

describe the anatomy of a chromasome

Answer 3

DNA is tightly coiled and spooled around histone proteins to form nucleosomes. These link together and coil further into chromatin fibers. Chromatin then folds and attaches to scaffolding proteins, and during cell division, it supercoils into the condensed X-shaped chromosome.

Question 4

where are codons located

Answer 4

on mRNA after transcribing DNA

Question 5

what is a locus

Answer 5

the specific location of a gene on a chromosome. Found by genetic mapping

Question 6

what is an allele

Answer 6

alternate form of a gene, one from each parent, usually created by mutation

may carry dominant or recessive traits
DD, Dd, dd

Question 7

what is homozygous

Answer 7

if both copies of parental allele genes are alike

Question 8

what is heterozygous

Answer 8

if copies of a parental allele gene are different

Question 9

genotype vs phenotype

Answer 9

someones GENES
vs
someones APPEARANCE

Question 10

what is penetrance

Answer 10

the ability of a gene to express its function.

many individuals may have a gene, but if only 3 of 4 people express that trait, then that gene has 75% penetrance.

Question 11

what is a polygenic trait

Answer 11

many genes contributed to a single trait

Question 12

define gene expression

Answer 12

all the processes that control how much, when, and which proteins (or RNAs) a gene produces

Question 13

define autosomal dominent

Answer 13

a single copy of a gene is enough to cause a trait or disorder

Question 14

define autosomal recessive

Answer 14

two copies of a gene are needed to cause a trait or disorder

Question 15

what are X linked inheritences

Answer 15

certain genes are only located on the X chromosome. Can be dominant or recessive. Males are generally more affected by X linked genes

Question 16

which parent is responsible for mitochondrial inheritance

Answer 16

mama

Question 17

for a given train, of both mom and dad are Dd alleles, what is the chance that a recessive trait is presented

Answer 17

25%

DD
Dd
Dd
dd <— 1 in 4

Question 18

what technique is used to identify a genes locus

Answer 18

genetic mapping

Question 19

what technology allows recombining of genes to mass produce specific proteins.

Creates a combination of genes not typically found in nature

Answer 19

recombinant DNA technology

Question 20

what are the names of the 2 DNA molecules combined in recombinant DNA

Answer 20

Vector DNA

Chromosomal DNA

Question 21

what type of RNA moves from the nucleus into the cytoplasm

Answer 21

Messenger RNA

Question 22

(T/F) if a gene is induced where it should be repressed, the result can be injury to the tissue

Answer 22

True. misexpression of genes can disrupt normal cell function

Question 23

(T/F) mitosis results in the formation of gametes

Answer 23

False. Gametes are produced via Meiosis

Question 24

(T/F) “bb” represents the phenotype for blue eyes

Answer 24

False. bb is the Genotype for blue eyes, but the phenotype is the actual observable trait

Question 25

(T/F) When recombinant insulin is produced by gene isolation and cloning, the bacterial gene for insulin is expressed to make insulin protein

Answer 25

False. The human insulin gene is inserted into bacteria, which then expresses the gene to produce insulin. Not a bacterial gene.

Question 26

which nucleotide base replaces Thymine in RNA

Answer 26

Uracil

Question 27

describe the function of mRNA

Answer 27

carries genetic code from DNA to ribosome

Question 28

describe the function of tRNA

Answer 28

brings amino acids to ribosome for protein synthesis

Question 29

describe the function of rRNA

Answer 29

structural and catalytic components of ribosomes

Question 30

the study of changing organisms due to altered gene expression is called...

Answer 30

epigenetics (DNA not altered)

Question 31

what are the 3 components of nucleotide bases

Answer 31

phosphate group deoxyribose sugar nitrogenous base

Question 32

how many hydrogen bonds form between AT and CG

Answer 32

2 and 3

Question 33

explain the difference between exons and introns

Answer 33

exons are coding regions kept in mRNA introns are removed during splicing

Question 34

what is the universal start codon

Answer 34

AUG (methionine)

Question 35

what are the stop codons

Answer 35

UAA UAG UGA

Question 36

which enzyme transcribes DNA into RNA

Answer 36

DNA polymerase

Question 37

how many genes do humans have

Answer 37

21-23k

Question 38

how many base pairs of nucleotides do humans have in DNA

Answer 38

3 billion

Question 39

what % of DNA is shared between humans

Answer 39

99.9%