Configuring Network Addressing & Internet Connections

Question 1

is a physical location where multiple networks (including ISPs and CDNs) come together to directly exchange internet traffic with each other.

Answer 1

Internet exchange points (IXPs)

Question 2

establish high-speed links between their networks, using transit and peering arrangements to carry traffic to and from parts of the Internet they do not physically own.

Answer 2

Internet service providers (ISPs)

Question 3

is a physical location where a network, such as an internet service provider (ISP) or content delivery network (CDN), has its equipment to connect to other networks. It act as access points, using hardware like routers and switches to facilitate data transfer, reduce latency for end-users by bringing content closer, and provide a gateway for users to connect to the internet or other services.

Answer 3

point of presence (PoP)

Question 4

is a global network of interconnected telephone lines that has traditionally enabled voice communication via landlines. It uses circuit-switching technology to establish a dedicated path for calls and is now primarily digital, though it originated with analog signals and copper wires. While it is being phased out and replaced by modern technologies like VoIP, its infrastructure is still a critical part of global communication and is being adapted to support modern demands.

Answer 4

public switched telephone network (PSTN).

Question 5

National and gloabal network that is made of legacy copper wire cabling

Answer 5

plain old telephone system (POTS),

Question 6

It is faster using copper telephone lines for phone/internet. Also, has full duplex transmissions with RJ11 WAN port on the modem that connects to the phone point and RJ45 interface connects the modem to the router.

• Asymmetrical downlink rates up to about 24 Mbps and uplink rates of 1.25 Mbps or 2.5 Mbps.
• Symmetric versions of same uplink and downlink speeds

Answer 6

Digital subscriber line (DSL)

Question 7

a specialized broadband router designed specifically for small businesses and home offices, providing connectivity and managing data transmission between devices like computers and printers within a small network, often with features like firewalls, VPN support, and advanced security options compared to a typical home router

Answer 7

(Small Office/Home Office) SOHO router

Question 8

A cable Internet connection is usually available as part of and described as hybrid fiber coax (HFC), as it combines a fiber optic core network with copper coaxial cable links to customer premises equipment.

Cable Modem

Answer 8

cable access TV (CATV)

Question 9

is a set of technical standards that enables high-speed internet access over cable television networks.

supports downlink speeds of up to 38 Mbps (North America) or 50 Mbps (Europe) and uplinks of up to 27 Mbps. allows the use of multiplexed channels to achieve higher bandwidth.

Cable Modem

Answer 9

Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS)

Question 10

is a key piece of equipment at the cable company’s headend that exchanges digital signals with cable modems.

cable modem

Answer 10

cable modem termination system (CMTS)

Question 11

a** general** term describing a broadband network architecture where optical fiber is used to deliver internet connectivity to a specific point, represented by the “X”, which could be a home, building, cabinet, or other termination point

Street cabling

Answer 11

fiber to the X (FTTx)

Question 12

retains some sort of copper wiring to the customer premises while extending the fiber link from the point of presence to a communications cabinet servicing multiple subscribers.

Over 300 m (1,000 feet), an asymmetric link supports 52 Mbps downstream and 6 Mbps upstream, while a symmetric link supports 26 Mbps in both directions.

Street cabling

Answer 12

fiber to the Curb (FTTC)

Question 13

is a high-speed internet connection that uses fiber-optic cables to run all the way to the customer’s building. This provides faster speeds, higher reliability, and greater bandwidth compared to traditional copper wire connections. Instead of fiber running only to a street cabinet (FTTC), the signal is delivered directly from the central office to your home or business.

street cabling

Answer 13

fiber to the premises (FTTP)

Question 14

a single fiber cable is run from the point of presence to an optical line terminal (OLT) located in a street cabinet.

street cabling

Answer 14

passive optical network (PON)

Question 15

a device that connects optical fibers and manages signal transmission, located in ISPs central office.

Answer 15

Optical Line Terminal (OLT)

Question 16

is a device that connects a fiber optic line to a customer’s premises, converting the optical signals into electrical signals that can be used by devices like routers and computers.

Answer 16

optical network terminal (ONT)

Question 17

microwave radio system provides far bigger areas of coverage
than can be achieved using other technologies. transfer rates available vary between providers and access packages, but 2 or 6 Mbps up and 30 Mbps down, lantency issues of orbit being thousands above earth.

Geostationary Orbital Satellite Internet Access

Answer 17

satellite

Question 18

A different type of service uses an array of satellites positioned in low, suppor are lower latency (100–200 ms RTT). better bandwidth (around 70–100 Mbps. Drawback, dish has to be positioned to floating moving satillites.

Answer 18

Low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites

Question 19

uses ground-based long-range fixed access wireless technology. It installs and maintains a directional antenna to work as a bridge between the customer’s network and the service provider.

Answer 19

wireless internet service provider (WISP)

Question 20

wireless networking facilitates communications over much larger distances using mobile devices, 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz frequency bands used by Wi-Fi have limited range

Answer 20

Cellular radio

Question 21

is the third generation of cellular network technology, succeeding 2G to provide faster data transfer for mobile devices. It enables mobile internet access, video calls, and faster downloads, built on standards like UMTS and CDMA2000, and was a key enabler of the smartphone era.

wifi

Answer 21

3G cellular radio

Question 22

is a wireless mobile network technology that offers faster data speeds, lower latency, and improved capacity compared to older technologies like 3G. This enables users to have a seamless mobile internet experience for activities like HD video streaming, online gaming, and quick downloads.

Answer 22

4G

Question 23

standard uses different spectrum bands from low (sub-6 GHz) to medium/high (20–60 GHz). Low bands have greater range and penetrating power;

Answer 23

5G

Question 24

Rather than a single large antenna serving a wide area wireless cell , 5G involves installing many smaller antennas to form an array that can take advantage of multipath and beamforming to overcome the propagation limitations of the spectrum.

Answer 24

massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO)

Question 25

use a **protocol **that can distinguish between the private LAN and public WAN, contains the identity of both the network and a single host within that network.

Answer 25

Internet Protocol (IP)

Question 26

a device that connects devices to a network, such as the internet, and allows them to communicate with each other, forwards packets around an internetwork using IP addresses. Varieties: * LAN * SOHO * WAN

Answer 26

Router

Question 27

device divides a single physical network into multiple logical subnetworks.

Answer 27

LAN router

Question 28

It works by allowing or blocking data packets based on a set of predefined security rules to prevent unauthorized access, malware, and malicious activity. can be implemented as either hardware devices or software programs, and many systems, such as home routers and personal computers, use both.

Answer 28

Firewall

Question 28

a network security device that combines multiple security features into one, such as antivirus, content filtering, and anti-spam/malware. | firewall

Answer 28

unified threat management (UTM)

Question 28

A basic firewall is configured with rules, referred to as a

Answer 28

network access control list (ACL)

Question 29

is a global network of connected devices

Answer 29

Internet

Question 30

is a **technology **that connects devices within a local network (like a home or office) to form a Local Area Network (LAN).

Answer 30

Ethernet