Covid

Question 1

What causes Covid

Answer 1

SARS CoV 2
Infects humans and bats

Question 2

What is the structure of Coronavirus

Answer 2

Spike protein on viral surface binds to ACE2 receptor in respiratory system

Question 3

Define the term epidemic

Answer 3

Sudden increase in number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in the particular population

Question 4

What is a pandemic

Answer 4

An epidemic that becomes widespread over a number of countries

Question 5

What is an endemic

Answer 5

Disease that is consistently present but limited to a particular region

Question 6

How is Covid transmitted

Answer 6

• Cough
• Sneeze
• Aerosol generating procedures
• Vertical transmission
• Touch- fomites

Question 7

How long does Covid infection last

Answer 7

Intubation period 1-14 days
Median 5-6 days

Question 8

Describe the process of Covid infection 1

Answer 8

1. Viral entry and early infection causes localised inflammation

Question 9

Describe the process of Covid infection 2

Answer 9

2. Host immune response - macrophages/dendritic cells + CD8 T cells

Question 10

Describe the process of Covid infection 3

Answer 10

3. Hyper-inflammatory phase – virus infects macrophages and T cells
   Releases pro-inflammatory cytokines
   Cytokine storm causes SOB in lungs

Question 11

Describe the process of Covid infection 4

Answer 11

4. Multiorgan dysfunction - spread to other organs via direct infection or mass inflammatory process

Question 12

Who is at risk from covid

Answer 12

• Elderly
• Immunocompromised

Question 13

What are the symptoms of COVID

Answer 13

• Rhinorrhoea
• General malaise
• Headache
• Sore throat
• Cough
• Fever

(Rhinorrhoea - clear thin nasal discharge)

Question 14

What are the complications from covid

Answer 14

• Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
• Patchy lungs filled with fluid (decreases surface area)
• Extrapulmonary symptoms
• Thrombosis

Question 15

What were the tests for covid

Answer 15

Viral PCR- nasopharyngeal swab

Question 16

What were the vaccines for Covid

Answer 16

Pfizer/BioNTech - mRNA
Moderna - mRNA
AstraZeneca - attenuated virus

Question 17

What are the treatments for COVID

Answer 17

• Antipyretic (Paracetamol)
• Steroids (dexamethasone/prednisolone)
• More specialist therapy
• Supportive therapy- O2 + fluids

Question 18

What is herd immunity

Answer 18

When a portion of a population becomes immune to a disease (covid), it reduces the risk of transmission to the unvaccinated

Question 19

What are the different types of O2 therapy

Answer 19