Digestive system

Question 1

another name for digestive tract

Answer 1

alimentary canal

Question 2

3 nerve plexuses in GI tract

Answer 2

Submucosal (Meissner)-in muscularis mucosae
myenteric plexus (Auerbach)-between inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle layers in the muscularis
sub serosal plexus-just beneath the serosa

Question 3

where does digestion begin

Answer 3

mouth with chewing and salivation

Question 4

saliva begins digestion of what

Answer 4

carbohydrate-salivary a-amylase

Question 5

Saliva contains what

Answer 5

immunoglobulin A

Question 6

Role of upper esophageal sphincter

Answer 6

prevent entry of air into the esophagus during respiration

Question 7

Lower esophageal sphincter

Answer 7

prevent regurgitation from the stomach
serves as barrier between the stomach and the esophagus

Question 8

oropharyngeal phase of swallowing

Answer 8

food is segmented into bolus by tongue, tongue pushes upward against palate

Question 9

pyloric sphincter

Answer 9

allows food to exit the stomach into the duodenum

Question 10

T or F-Few substances absorbed in the stomach

Answer 10

can absorb alcohol, aspirin and othe NSAIDS

Question 11

role of stomach

Answer 11

stores food, secretes digestive juices, mixes food with juices and propels digested food

Question 12

Describe understanding of gastric motility

Answer 12

swallowing-causes the fundus to relax which is coordinated by efferent, nonadrenergic, noncholinergic vagal fibers
coordination of gastrin, sympathetic activity and vagus nerve

Question 13

gastrin

Answer 13

enhances relaxation of stomach and peristalsis contractions of stomach
is a hormone

Question 14

vagus nerve and gastric motility

Answer 14

stimulates gastric secretion and motility

Question 15

what increases gastric emptying

Answer 15

large volumes of food

Question 16

what delays gastric emptying

Answer 16

solids, fats and nonisotonic solutions-
fat stimulates cholecystokinin-which slows food intake, gastric motility and decreases gastric emptying so fats do not exceed the rate of bile and enzyme secretion

Question 17

what helps in absorption of vitamin B12

Answer 17

intrinisic factor-found in stomach

Question 18

what helps with small intestine absorption of iron

Answer 18

gastroferrin

Question 19

role of gastric hydrochloric acid

Answer 19

dissolves food fibers
converts pepsinogen to pepsin
acts as bactericide against swallowed organisms

Question 20

pepsin

Answer 20

enzyme that breaks down protein forming polypeptides in the stomach
strongest stimulation is acetycholine
inhibited by alkaline environment

Question 21

what aids in fat digestion in stomach

Answer 21

lipase

Question 22

cell that secretes hydrochloric acid, gastroferrin and intrinsic factor

Answer 22

parietal

Question 23

cell that secretes pepsinogen

Answer 23

chief

Question 24

cell that secretes gastrin

Answer 24

G

Question 25

cell that secretes histamin

Answer 25

enterochromaffin-like

Question 26

cell that secretes somatostatin

Answer 26

d

Question 27

role of ileocecal valve

Answer 27

controls the flow of digested material from the ileum into the large intestine and prevents reflux into the small intestine

Question 28

what helps absorption in small intestine

Answer 28

villi and microvilli

Question 29

carbohydrates broken down and digested into

Answer 29

monosaccharides and disaccharides

Question 30

proteins digested into

Answer 30

amino acids and peptides

Question 31

fates emulsified and reduced, digested into

Answer 31

fatty acids and monoglycerides

Question 32

digested carbs and proteins move

Answer 32

into villus capillaries and then to liver via hepatic portal veins

Question 33

digested fats move

Answer 33

into lacteals and reach liver though systemic circulation

Question 34

digestion and absorption of all major nutrients

Answer 34

occurs in small intestine

Question 35

where is water mostly absorbed

Answer 35

small intestine

Question 36

T or F: humans lack the enzyme to digest cellulose

Answer 36

True

Question 37

where are sugars absorbed

Answer 37

primarily in duodenum and upper jejunum

Question 38

what breaks down proteins

Answer 38

pancreatic enzymes in small intestine

Question 39

how are water soluble vitamins absorbed

Answer 39

passive transport or by sodium dependent active transport

Question 40

A person has problems with lacteals, which nutrient will be affected

Answer 40

fats-digested fats move into the lacteals and eventually reach the liver through systemic circulation

Question 41

lacteals

Answer 41

lymphatic capillaries contained in villus of small intestine fat molecules are absorbed and transported

Question 42

the 2 movements that promote intestinal motility

Answer 42

1. haustral segmentation-localized rhythmic contractions of the circular smooth muscles , divides and mixes chyme, bringing into contact with mucosal surface 2. peristalsis-propels chyme into intestine

Question 43

ileogastric reflex

Answer 43

inhibits gastric motility when the ileum is distended

Question 44

intestiniointestinal reflex

Answer 44

inhibits intestinal motility when on part of the intestine is overdistended

Question 45

gastroileal reflex

Answer 45

stimulates an increase in ileal motility and relaxation of the ileocecal sphincter to empty the ileum and prepares it to receive more chyme

Question 46

Large intestine

Answer 46

massages fecal mass, absorbs water and electrolytes

Question 47

cecum

Answer 47

pouch that receives chyme from the ileum

Question 48

vermiform appendix

Answer 48

attached to cecum

Question 49

what sphincter controls the movement of wastes from sigmoid colon into the rectum

Answer 49

O'Beirne sphincter

Question 50

primary type of colonic movement

Answer 50

segmental

Question 51

gastrocolic reflex

Answer 51

initiates propulsion in the entire colon causes fecal mass to pass into sigmoid colon and rectum stimulating defecation gastrin and cholecystokinin stimulates reflex, and its inhibited by epinephrine and opioids

Question 52

what is feces made up of

Answer 52

food residue, unabsorbed gI secretions, shed epithelial cells and bacteria

Question 53

rectosphincteric reflex

Answer 53

rectal wall stretches and constricted internal anal sphincter relaxes, can be voluntarily overridden

Question 54

largest solid organ in the body

Answer 54

liver

Question 55

hepatocytes

Answer 55

function cells of the liver can regenerate secrete cholesterol, bile acids, lecithin, lipids and electrolytes

Question 56

Lipocytes

Answer 56

store lipids including Vitamin A

Question 57

Kupffer cells

Answer 57

in liver phagocytic cells and central to innate immunity

Question 58

stellate cells

Answer 58

in liver contain retinoids (vitamin A) participate in liver fibrosis remove foreign substances from blood and trap bacteria

Question 59

what cells produce interferon y which are important for tumor defense

Answer 59

pit cells

Question 60

gall bladder

Answer 60

store and concentrate bile between meals

Question 61

choleretic agent

Answer 61

substance that stimulates the liver to secrete bile high concentration of bile salts

Question 62

bilirubin

Answer 62

byproduct of the destruction of aged red blood cells-gives bile greenish black color which makes yellow tinge of jaundice

Question 63

unconjugated bili

Answer 63

lipid soluble

Question 64

conjugated bili

Answer 64

water soluble

Question 65

liver function

Answer 65

stores blood, removes bacterial and foreign particles, synthezies clotting factors metabolizes fats-produces bile to absorb fat-soluble vitamins synthesizes phospholipids and cholesterol metabolizes proteins-removes ammonia metabolizes carbs metabolic detoxification

Question 66

how is ammonia removed

Answer 66

converted to urea and excreted in the kidneys, converts amino acids into carbs