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Physiology Week 4 > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Mesentery Structure and funciton (3)?

A

Double sheet of peritoneal membrane
Route for blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels
Stabilize attached organs
Prevent intestines from tangling

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2
Q

Circular folds function?

A

increases surface area for digestion

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3
Q

What sturutcures are on the circular folds?

A

villi

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4
Q

Secretory glands in the walls of the digestive tract?

A

muscosal and submucosal

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5
Q

Layers of the muscularis externa?

A

longitudinal and circular

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6
Q

Compenents of the mucosa?

4

A

epithelial layer
Villi
lamina propria
muscularis mucosa

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7
Q

Acessory digestive organs

6

A 
teeth 
tongue
salivary glands
liver
gall bladder
pancreas
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8
Q

What is smooth muscle in the digestive system made of?

What is it lacking?

A

actin and myosin
(single nucleus)

No T-tubules, loose SR throughout the sarcoplasm
No myofibrils and sarcomeres
No striations

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9
Q

What allows smooth muscle to relax and contracted and what does the contarcttion look like?

A

Thin filaments attached to dense bodies in the muscle.
When thin and thick filaments slide they shorten the muscle btu because its ireegularly shaped it makes a corckscrew shape

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10
Q

The plasticity of smooth muscel is important for what organs?
4

A

urinary bladder, stomach, intestines, uterus

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11
Q

What is Smooth muscle tone?

A

background activity when your muscles are not actively contracting

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12
Q

Where can multi-unit smooth muscle be found and what makes it different from viceral smooth muscle?

A

the muscles for contraction of the eye
And each cell communicates with the neuron going through the muscle
Stimulated by neurotransmitters

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13
Q

Where can visceral smooth muscel be found and what makes it different from multi-unit smooth muscle?

A

Small intestine
The neurotransmitter goes into the first cell but then the signal spreads in wave through the cells. not every cells touches the neuron

Stimulation occurs across cell to cell contractions (gap junctions etc)

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14
Q

What are the steps in peristalsis?

Wat muscle layer is at work here?

A
  1. bolus of food arrives in digestive system
  2. circular muscle contracts behind the bolus
  3. longitudinal muscle ahead of the bolus
  4. contraction in circular muscel layers forces bolus forward

muscularis extrna

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15
Q

What is segmentation?

A

rhythmic contractions that break up food in the small intestine adn some of the large

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16
Q

What are three local factors that regulate and control digestion?

A

pH
physcial distortion
Chemicals (nutrients or mucosa signals)

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17
Q

What do local factors in the stomach stimulate?

A

stretch receptors and chemoreceptors
can stimulate a long reflex (CNS)
or a short reflex (myenteric plexus)

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18
Q

What does the myenteric plexus stimulate?

A

peristalsis and segmentation movements

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19
Q

What signals the start of hormonal control in the GI tract?

A

enteroendocrine cells that release hormones into the blood stream and stimulate secretory cells

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20
Q

Dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials in preparation for elimination is the function of what?

A

Large intestine

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21
Q

Muscular propulsion of materials into the esophagus is a funciton of what?

A

pharynx

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22
Q

Mechanical processing with accessory organs, moistening, mixing with saliva is a funciton of what?

A

mouth and oral cavity

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23
Q

Transport of materials to the stomach is a funcitn of what?

A

esophagus

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24
Q

Chemical breakdown of materials by acid and enzymes; mechanical processing through muscular contractions is a funciton of what?

A

stomach

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25
Q

Enzymatic digestion and absorption of water, organic substrates, ions and vitamins is a fucniton of what?

A

small intestine

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26
Q

What makes up the Superior border of the oral cavity?

A

Hard and soft palate

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27
Q

What makes up the anterior and lateral boundary of the oral cavity?

A

labia and cheeks

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28
Q

Wat makes up the inferior boundary of the oral cavity?

A

Floor of mouth supported by geniohyoid muscle, myelohyoid muscle

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29
Q

What makes up the posterior boundary of the oral cavity?

4

A

uvula
palatine tonsil
root of the tongue
lingual tonsil

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30
Q

How many roots do each type of tooth have?

A

incisors- 1
cuspids/canines- 1
Bicuspids (premolars)-1 or 2
Molars- three on the top two on the bottom

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31
Q

Which teeth come in first and which teeth come in last?

A

incisors to molars

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32
Q

Is the esophagus sympathetically or parasympathetically innervated?

A

both

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33
Q

Describe the changes in the shape of the lumen as you swallow food?

A

its stay closed until food goes into it

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34
Q

Layers of the esophagus?

4

A

muscosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
adventitia

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35
Q

What are the three phases of swallowing (deglutition)?

A

Buccal phase
Pharyngeal phase
Esophageal phase

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36
Q

What happens during the buccal phase?

4

A
  1. Voluntary
  2. Bolus compressed against hard palate
  3. Tongue retracts, forces bolus to oropharynx
  4. Soft palate elevates, sealing nasopharynx
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37
Q

Where are your tactile receptors and what are they stimulated by?

A

uvula, pharyngeal arches

They are stimulated by the physical presence of the bolus

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38
Q

What happens during the pharyngeal phase?

A
  1. Tactile receptors (uvula, pharyngeal arches) stimulated
  2. Swallowing center of medulla oblongata
  3. Coordinated contraction of pharyngeal muscles
  4. Elevation of the larynx and folding of the epiglottis
  5. Elevation of uvula and soft palate
  6. Bolus forced into the esophagus
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39
Q

What happens during the esophageal phase?

A

peristalsis and movement into the stomach

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40
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

Mesentery is a double sheet of peritoneal membrane. Made of serous membrane.

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41
Q

Accumulation of perotoneal fluid?

A

ascites

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42
Q

What does the ventral mesentary become in adults?

A

lesser omentum and falciform ligament

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43
Q

What does the dorsal mesentary become in adults?

A

greater omentum

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44
Q

What is chyme?

A

food, saliva, gastric secretions

Its acidic and soupy

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45
Q

Layers of the muscularis externa in the stomach?

3

A

longitudinal layer
circular layer
oblique layer

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46
Q

Layers of the stomach wall?

4

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
serosa

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47
Q

Why do the epithelial cells in the stomach have such a high turnover?

A

The stomach is so highly acidic that they die off

simple squamous

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48
Q

What do gastric glands secrete into the stomach?

A

Parietal cells
G cells
Chief cells

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49
Q

What do Parietal cells secrete?

2

A

Intrinsic factor (facilitates absorption of vit B12) and HCl

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50
Q

G cells (enteroendocrine cells) secrete what?

A

Hormones

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51
Q

Chief cells secrete what?

And in infants?

A

Pepsinogen (converted to pepsin by HCl: proteolytic breaks down proteins)

Renin and gastric lipase (infants)

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52
Q

How do chief cells and parietal cells work together?

A

Chief cells secrete Pepsinogen and parietal cells secrete HCl which converted pepsinogen to pepsin-used to break down proteins

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53
Q

What is the alkaline tide?

A

Parietal cells can make HCl in the cell because its too acidic. So they break down CO2 and water and transport H and Cl separately into the lumen of the stomach where it forms HCl. After this reaction we are left with bicarbonate which enters the bloodstream which makes it more basic.

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54
Q

What are the folds in the stomach for?

A

rugae

for expansion of the stomach

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55
Q

What are the function of intestinal glands?

A

Stem cells at the base of the glands are displaced renewing villi
Top cells are shed and provide enzymes to the lumen

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56
Q

What are the funcitons of lacteals?

A

bring in large protein lipid complexes or other large cells that cant fit into the blood stream

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57
Q

Contraction of what cells moved the villi in the small intestine back and forth?

A

muscularis mucosae

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58
Q

What kind of epithelial cells are on the villi?

A

columnar epithelium

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59
Q

What is the brush border?

A

Cilia coming out of the villi

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60
Q

What structures increase the surface area of the intestines (largest to smallest)?
3

A

Circular folds, villi, microvilli

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61
Q

Function of the duodenum?

A

mixing bowl from the stomach liver and pancreas

Also neutralizes acid for the jejunum

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62
Q

Function of the jejunum?

A

Most of the chemical digestion and nutrient absorption

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63
Q

Why does the iluem have aggregated lymphoid nodules?

A

Sampling the bolus for anything that has gone wrong (pathogen in it)

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64
Q

Where does gastrin come from and what stimulates it?

A

Gastrin comes from G cells.
Its production is stimulated by incompletely digested
proteins

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65
Q

Where does secretin come from and what stimulates it?

A

Secretin comes from S cells

Gets released when chyme enters the duodenum

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66
Q

Where does gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) come from and what stimulates it?

A

K cells

When fats or carbs (mostly glucose) enter the small intestine

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67
Q

Where does Cholecystokinin (CCK) come from and what stimulates it?

A

Made by I cells

When lipds and partially digested proteins enter into the duodenum

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68
Q

Where does Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) come from and what stimulates it?

A

We don’t know what cell makes them.

Stimulated by chyme into duodenum

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69
Q

What does gastrin stimulate?

3

A

parietal cells and chief cells and mixing waves by the stomach

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70
Q

What does GIP release?

A

release of insulin in the pancreas

71
Q

What do secretin and CCK stimulate?

2

A

release of pancreatic enzymes and buffers

bile secretion from the gall bladder

72
Q

What does VIP stimulate?

A

dilation of intestinal capillaries

73
Q

What does the gastroenteric reflex stimulate?

A

motility and secretion along the entire small intestine.

74
Q

What does the gastroileal reflux stimulate?

A 
triggers the opening of the
ileocecal valve, allowing
materials to pass from the
small intestine into the
large intestine.
75
Q

Major funtions of the Large intestine?

A
  1. Absorbing water and compacting
  2. Absorbing vitamins generated by bacterial functions
  3. Storing fecal matter
76
Q

What are the three segments of the large intestine?

A

cecum, colon and rectum

77
Q

What doesnt the large intestine have that the small intestine does?
2

A

no villi

Its glands dont make digestive emzymes

78
Q

How much nutrient absoprtion happens in the large intestine?

A

10% of all absorption

79
Q

What are three important vitamens that are produced by bacteria in the Large intestine and absorbed into the blood stream?

A

Vitamin K
Vitamin B5
Biotin
Also water

80
Q

What makes feces smell?

3

A 
Indole and skatole (N)
Hydrogen sulfide (rotten eggs)
81
Q

What initially stimulates the process of defecation?

A

Strecth receptors that signal long and short reflexes

82
Q

What does the long reflex in the rectum stimulate? And what muscle does this control?

A

Parasympathetic motor neurons AND somatic motor neurons that increase peristalsis.

External anal spinchter
(contracted involuntarily and voluntarily)

83
Q

What does the short reflex in the rectum stimulate?

A

Stimulation of myenteric plexus in sigmoid colon and rectum which increases peristalsis

84
Q

What does the liver store?

4

A

glycogen
lipids
Iron
fat soluable vitamins

85
Q

What are the three salivary glands?
What do they produce?
4

A

Sublingual salivary glands
submandibular
parotid

Salivary amylase
Buffer
Lubricant (mucin)
Antibodies

86
Q

What is buffer?

A

Chemical that could easily accept acid and bases to prevent wild pH changes from happening

87
Q

What are muscous cells in the salivary glands made of?

3

A

Mucins, water and buffers

88
Q

What are serous cells in the salivary glands made of?

2

A

Salivary amylase, lysozyme

89
Q

What is the hepatic triad?

A

Hepatic portal vein
Hepatic artery proper
common bile duct
AKA the porta hepatis

90
Q

What do hepatocytes do?

A

Make bile and acculumate into small branches of bile ducts and then into larger ones

91
Q

The hepatic portal system processes blood from where?

A

Processes blood from the small intestine, spleen and pancreas before it reaches the heart

92
Q

Whats bad about the liver being the first screen?

A
  • liver can degrade drugs (good or bad)
  • If you are taking an oral pill the liver gets a first pass at it and breaks it down before it gets to where it needs to go.
93
Q

What are kupffer cells?

A

phagocytic/macrophage cells in the liver

94
Q

What muscle allows the passage of bile into the duodenum?

A

Hepatopancreatic

sphincter

95
Q

List the steps in the stoarge and ejection of bile

4

A
  1. The liver secretes bile continuously.
  2. As it remians in the gallbladder bile becomes more concentrated
  3. Release of CCK triggers ejection of bile into the duodenum
  4. Bile salts break apart lipid droplets by emulsification
96
Q

What do pancreatic acinar cells produce?

A

Produce digestive enzymes and buffers

97
Q

What does pancreatic alpha-amylase do?

A

breaks down carbs

98
Q

What does pancreatic lipase do?

A

breaks down fats

99
Q

What does nucleases from the pancreas do?

A

breaks down DNA

100
Q

What does proteolytic enzymes from the pancreas do?

A

breaks down protein

101
Q

What are some diseases that affect the salivary glands?

A

mumps virus and rabies

Both of these need the environment of the salivary glands to reproduce

102
Q

What is Gastroesophageal reflux?

Heart burn

A

Weakened or permanently relaxed lower esophageal sphincter causes backflow

103
Q

What goes wrong in a diseased liver?

A

Can degrade tissues (cirrhosis) and constrict blood flow

104
Q

What are some causes of a diseased liver?

3

A

Viral hepatitis
Alcoholism
Jaundice (why?back up of
Biliruben not being broken down)

105
Q

What happens during portal hypertension?

A

Distend vessels, rupture, fatal bleeding

106
Q

Fluid forced into peritoneal cavity is called what?

A

ascites

107
Q

How are gallstones formed?

A

when bile becomes too concentrated (common)

108
Q

what is Cholecystitis? and what is the most common treatment

A

gallstones are large enough to damage the wall of the gallbladder and block the cystic duct or common bile duct

surgical removal of the gallbladder

109
Q

What is gastritis?

What can this lead to?

A
  • inflammation of mucous membrane

- gastric ulcers

110
Q

What causes inflammtion of the pancreas/pancreatitis?

A

Gallstones, viral infection, drugs, alcohol

111
Q

What is enteritis?

What can it cause?

A

inflammation of the intestines

diarrhea

112
Q

Colitis is what? and what can it cause?

A

inflammation of the colon

Diarrhea or constipation

113
Q

What receptors and hormones would be affected by a gastric band?

A

Stretch receptors (tell your
Stomach to move to the next
step quicker)
And quicker/sooner stimulation by the Submucosal and myenteric Plexuses.

114
Q

What is anabolism?

A

building up

115
Q

catabolism?

A

breaking down

116
Q

What is the nutrient pool comprised of?

A

Organic molecules

  • amino acids
  • lipids
  • simple sugars
117
Q

Fatty acids, glucose, and amino acids can all be broken down to make ATP or they can be used for what?
3

A

fatty acids= triglycerides
glucose= glycogen
Amino acids= proteins

118
Q

What do skeletal muscles metabolize?

A

Metabolize fatty acids, glucose and amino acids

Build glycogen reserves

119
Q

What do liver cells store?

A

triglycerides and glycogen

120
Q

What is your product after glycogenesis?

A

glycogen

glucose to glycogen

121
Q

What is your product after glycogenolysis?

A

glucose

glycogen to glucose

122
Q

What is your product after glycolysis?

A

pyruvate

glucose to pyruvate

123
Q

What is yoru product after gluconeogenesis?

A

glucose

pyruvate to glucose

124
Q

What is the main things you need to know about the the citric acid cycle? General steps

A

pyruvate is made into acetate
that acetate is made into acetyl CoA by coenzyme A. Most of the ATP in citric acid cycle is binding of a coenzyme to this molecule.

125
Q

What is the result in oxidative phosphoryaltion?

A

coenzymes and H molecule traveling through the cytochrome in the ETC and ending in the phosphoylation of ATP and release of water

126
Q

How does our energy change when going down the ETC?

A

going from high energy to low energy

127
Q

What is the end result of poisen that effects the ETC?

A

lack of ATP being created

128
Q

Where does the breakdown of coplex carbohydrates to disaccharides occur?

A

salivary amylase in mouth, stomach, duodenum

129
Q

Where does the breakdown of disaccharides to monosaccharides occur?

A

in the jejunum

130
Q

Where does the breakdown of monosaccharides to glucose occur?

A

liver

131
Q

Where does the buildup of glucose to glycogen occur?

A

skeletal muscle or the liver

132
Q

What number of ATP does gylcoysis produce and what is our end result/goal?

A

makes 4 uses 2 so a net gain of two
Glucose comes into the cycle and becomes pyruvate in order to make acteyl to be put into the citric acid cycle which will yeild more ATP for us

133
Q

From one molecule of glucose goin gthrough glycolysis and the citric acid cycle how many ATPs are produced?

A

36 total

134
Q

Why is glucose the primary source of energy for cells?

A
  1. its small and soluble/easily distributed
  2. Glucose can provide ATP anaerobically through gycolysis which is important for peak levels of physical activity
  3. can be stored as glycogen
  4. glycogen can be easily broken down if we need it
135
Q

Parts of a lipoprotein?

4

A

phospholipd
cholesterol
triglyceride
protein

136
Q

What is a chylomicron?

A

a droplet of fat present in the blood or lymph after absorption from the small intestine.

137
Q

When leaving the intestine chylomicron must leave by way of?

A

Lactael in the lymphatic system because they are too big for the blood stream

138
Q

Why are LDLs bad?

A

They have a higher percentage of cholesterol in their compositon

139
Q

How many ATPs can lipolysis make?

A

51

140
Q

What is lipogenesis?

A

conversion of fatty acids to other lipids to use in the body

141
Q

What happens in amination?

A

an ammonium ion is to form an amino group that is attached to a molecule producing an amino acid (amino acid creation)

142
Q

what happens in transamination?

A

The transfer of one amino group from one moelcule to another to make a new amino group

143
Q

What is deamination?

What does this yield?

A

breaking down amino acids

pyruvate or acetyl CoA

144
Q

When break down of amino acids occur it produces ammonium. Why is this dangerous?

A

Ammonium is toxic and so the liver turns it into urea

145
Q

What is the aborptive state?

3 things to remember

A
  1. Time following a meal when nutrients are absorbed(~4hr)
  2. 3 meals/day = 12/24 hr in absorptive state
  3. Insulin is king
146
Q

What is the postabsorptive state?

2

A
  1. Rely on energy reserves to maintain blood glucose levels

2. Various hormones

147
Q

What does insulin stimulate in the absorptive state?

A
  1. glucose uptake and glyconeogenesis
  2. Amino acid uptake and protein synthesis
  3. Triglyceride synthesis
148
Q

What does glucocorticods in stimulate in the postaborptive state?

A

the mobilization of lipid and protein reserves

149
Q

What does glucogon stimulate in the postaborptive phase?

A

Glucagon stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver. The release of glucose stabilizes blood glucose levels.

150
Q

What other two things can stimulate glyconeogenisis?

A

Epinephrine
and
lipolysis

151
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

minerals

152
Q

What is more likely to happen?

hypovitaminosis or hypervitaminosis?

A

hypervitaminosis

153
Q

A, D3, E and K

All these vitamins are?

A

fat soluable

154
Q

Funciton of vitamin A?

4

A

Maintains epithelium
Helps with vision
suports immune health
Bone remodeling

155
Q

Fucniton of vitamin D3?

A

Ca levels and bone growth

156
Q

Fucntion of vitamin E?

A

prevents breakdown of vitamin A and fatty acids

157
Q

Fucntion of vitamin k?

A

Essential for clotting factors

Coudl cause jaundice

158
Q

Where are a lot of water soluable vitamins found?

Examples?

A

Fruit, eggs, meat, dairy
excess is secreted in urine
Bs and C

159
Q

What are most of our coenzymes in the metabolic pathways?

A

water soluable vitamins

160
Q

What is the defintion of one calorie?

A

amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of water 1°C

161
Q

One C is how many c’s?

A

1000

162
Q

What are complete and incomplete proteins?

A

Provide ALL the essential amino acids in sufficient amounts
Ex. Milk, yogurt, meat, eggs

Lack 1 or more essential amino acids
Ex. Quinoa, soybeans, chia

163
Q

What can people with phenylketonuria not do?

A

cannot convert

phenylalanine to tyrosine

164
Q

What are people with kwashiorkor’s lacking?

A

not enough protein to replace blood cells so osmolarity fails causing ascites

165
Q

What is ketoacidosis?

A

When glucose is scarce, body breaks down fatty acids and proteins

166
Q

What is eleavted in the liver during ketoacidosis?

A

acetyl CoA resulting in ketone body production (acetone)

167
Q

How does ketoacidosis affect pH?

A

lowers it

fruity breath smell

168
Q

What is gout?

A

RNA is recycled as uric acid (nitrogenous waste). If concentrations of uric acid are too high, crystals may form.

169
Q

What in your diet causes gouty arthritis?

A

a lot of meat and high protein

170
Q

What is basal metabolic rate? (BMR)

A

Minimum resting energy expenditure for an awake, alert person

171
Q

What does BMR depend on?

A

Weight, height,
Gender, level of fitness, thyroid
Problem,

172
Q

What are the four primary mechanisms of heat transfer?

A

radiation
evaporation
convection
conduction

173
Q

Responses to High Body Temperature Coordinated by the Heat-Loss Center
4

A 
Vasodilation and Shunting of
Blood to Skin Surface
sweat production
respiratory heat loss
behavioral changes
174
Q

Responses to Low Body Temperature Coordinated by the Heat-Gain Center
2

A

Increased generaion of body heat by shivering or hormomes from the adrenal gland

Decrease of blood flow to the dermis and blood goes right from the artery to the vein to get back to the CNS to protect it

Physiology Week 4 (5 decks)

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