What proportion of incoming solar radiation is reflected back to space?
30%
What is the cause of global atmospheric circulation patterns?
The Coriolis Effect and energy/temperature gradients across the earth’s surface
What are Aquatic Biomes defined by?
Environmental gradients
What are Terrestrial Biomes defined by?
Climate gradients
What does NEE stand for?
Net Ecosystem Exchange
Which elements makes up more than 1.5 % in living things but less than 2% in the Earth’s crust?
Carbon, Nitrogen and Hydrogen
How can you calculate NEE?
NPP - Rh. or
GPP - Reco. or
GPP - Ra - Rh
What is the largest source of nitrogen emissions?
Road Transport
Which element is the limiting factor for photosynthesis in the Southern Ocean?
Iron
What process is the largest C sink?
Photosynthesis
Describe Immobilisation?
The process in which nitrate and ammonium are taken up by soil organisms and therefore become unavailable to crops.
Describe mineralisation?
The decomposition of the chemical compounds in organic matter, releasing nutrients to plants.
List the different types of plate tectonic boundaries?
Divergent, Convergent, Transformative
Why are Ocean’s important?
Control climate and weather patterns, circulate heat and dissolved suspended material around the planet, are a large planetary heat sink.
What are surface currents influenced by?
Tides, wind, land masses, earthquakes, earth rotation, thermalise circulation
What drives thermaline circulation?
Differences in density caused by temperature and salinity
What is Albedo?
The measure of how much light is reflected without being absorbed.
Give examples of heat sinks?
Oceans, lakes, wet dark soils.
What is a heat sink?
Area that absorbs most of the incident radiation.
What biomes reflect radiation?
Sea ice, fresh snow.
Name the atmospheric circulation cells?
Hadley, Ferrel, Polar
How does the rotation of the earth effect air?
Deflects it from it’s straight path.
What are the four major reservoirs for the carbon cycle?
Atmosphere, oceans, land and fossil fuels.
What does NPP stand for?
Net primary production
What does GPP stand for?
Gross primary production
What does Reco stand for?
Respiration
What does Ra stand for?
Autotrophic respiration
What does Rh stand for?
Heterotrophic respiration
How do you calculate NPP?
GPP - Ra
Give two sources of carbon in the carbon cycle?
Volcanism, Respiration
List some carbon sinks?
Air-sea gas exchange, weathering, carbonate precipitation, organic matter burial, subduction, photosynthesis.
How can we measure carbon fluxes?
Satellites, scaling, chamber measurement.
What effect does carbon fluxes have?
Crop yield variations, heat wave, drought, heavy precipitation, extreme frost, heavy storms.
Describe the evaporation/ transpiration stage of the Hydrological cycle?
Liquid to gas phases change, driven by solar radiation and air temperature.
Describe the condensation stage of the Hydrological cycle?
Gaseous to liquid phase change, cooling of water molecules leads to formation of water droplets.
Describe the Precipitation stage of the Hydrological cycle?
Rain or snow falls to earth, occurs when water droplets reach a certain size.
Give an example of Interception?
Mountains
Define Percolation?
Water movement through deeper soil layers and rock.
What is infiltration?
Water movement through the air-soil boundary layer.
What is run-off in the Hydrological cycle?
Drainage of water from a catchment into streams and rivers, subsequent transfer to ocean
List sources of nitrogen?
International shipping, road transport, agriculture, commercial combustion, industrial production, power generation.
What role does soil play?
Food production and security, regulates CO2 emissions, stores and filters water, cycles and stores nutrients, Biodiversity
What problems do humans pose upon soil quality?
Increasing food demand due to human population growth, salinisation, acidification.
What improvement could be made to reduce soil degradation?
Reduced tillage, cover crops, soil bunds and terraces, mulch with crop residues.
What improvements could be made to reduce soil nutrient deficits?
Return organic wastes to soil, crop rotations, nitrogen fixings crops, use of organic and mineral fertilisers.
What problems do artificial fertilisers pose?
Un-used nitrates run off fields and enter water systems, causing eutrophication and prolific algal blooms.