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Neurology > Emotion > Flashcards

Emotion Flashcards

1
Q

What is emotion categorised as and what are the different ways these are studied?

A 
Emotional expression
- Animal and human studies
Emotional experience
- Human studies
Affective Neuroscience
- neural basis of emotion and mood
- (mood as an emotion  extended in time)
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2
Q

What is the effect of opioids on emotion?

A

Long term opioid abstinence increases anxiety and depression - opioid tolerance developed , require more morphine to balance inhibitory effects

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3
Q

Outline common emotions

A

Love, hate, disgust, joy, shame, envy, guilt, fear, anxiety, etc

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4
Q

Describe the James-Lange theory of emotion

A

We experience emotions in response to physiological changes in our body- ie. we feel sad because we cry not the other way around

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5
Q

Describe the Cannon-Bard emotion theory

A

We can experience emotions independently of emotional expression (dissociations) - no correlation with physiological state

Emotions are produced when signals reach the thalamus either directly from sensory receptors or by descending cortical input

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6
Q

What brain system is responsible for emotion?

A

Broca’s Limbic lobe

  • Limbus (latin) means border
  • Primitive cortical gyri that form a ring around the brain stem
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7
Q

Which brain regions does the Broca’s Limbic Lobe consist of?

A

Broca’s limbic lobe includes

  • the parahippocampal gyrus
  • the cingulate gyrus
  • the subcallosal gyrus
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8
Q

What is broca’s limbic lobe?

A

Areas of brain forming a ring around corpus callosum: cingulate gyrus, medial surface temporal lobe, hippocampus
⇒ limbic system

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9
Q

What is the papez circuit?

A

Limbic structures, including cortex, involved in emotion

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10
Q

Where is the papez circuit located?

A

Emotional system on the medial wall of the brain linking cortex with hypothalamus

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11
Q

Where did Papez believe emotion was determined from?

A

Papez believed the experience of emotion was determined by activity in the cingulate cortex, and less directly by other cortical areas.

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12
Q

Describe the papez circuit

A

Emotional expression was thought to be governed by the hypothalamus. The cingulate cortex projects to the hippocampus which projects onto hypothalamus via the fornix (bundle of axons). Hypothalamic effects reach the cortex via a relay in the anterior thalamic nuclei

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13
Q

What is the significance of the cortex in emotion?

A

Cortex critical for emotional experience

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14
Q

What is the role of the hippocapus regarding emotion?

A

Hippocampus governs behavioral expression of emotion

Rabies infection implicates hippocampus in emotion -> hyper emotional responses

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15
Q

What is the emotional effect of lesions on the anterior thalamus?

A

Lesions lead to spontaneous laughing or crying.

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16
Q

What is the significance of the evolution of the limbic system?

A

Evolution of limbic system allows animals to experience and express emotions beyond stereotyped brain stem behaviours.

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17
Q

Which brain regions form the limbic system?

A 
Cingulate gyrus
Parahippocampal structures
Septal nuclei
Amygdala
Entorhinal cortex
Hippocampal complex
- dentate gyrus
- CA1-CA4 subfields
- subiculum
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18
Q

What is the role of the limbic system?

A

Anatomically the limbic system appears to have a role in attaching a behavioral significance and response to a stimulus, especially with respect to its emotional content

19
Q

What is the consequence of limbic system damage?

A

Damage to the limbic system leads to profound effects on the emotional responsiveness of the animal

20
Q

Outline the role of the cingulate gyrus in the limbic centre

A

Cingulate gyrus

  • role in complex motor control
  • pain perception
  • social interactions-mood
21
Q

What is the role of the hippocampus in the limbic system?

A

Hippocampus proper and parahippocampal areas’ primary function is memory

22
Q

What is the role of the amygdala?

A

involved in learning and storage of emotional aspects of experience

23
Q

What are the possible problems with the limbic system?

A

Difficulties with the single emotion system concept

  • Diversity of emotions and brain activity
  • Many structures involved in emotion

No one-to-one relationship between structure and function

Limbic system: use of single, discrete emotion system questionable

24
Q

How are emotion theories studied?

A

Early theories of emotion and limbic system built on introspection and inference from brain injury and disease.
Studies of disease and consequences of lesions not ideal for revealing normal function.

25
Q

What are the more recent theories of emotion?

A

Basic emotion theories

Dimension emotion theories

26
Q

Where is the amygdala located in relation to the hippocampus

A

almond shape structure

each amgdala is located in frontal portion of temporal lobe - close to hippocampus

27
Q

Where does the amygdala receive input form?

A

Receives input from neocortex
- All lobes, including hippocampal, and cingulate gyri

Basolateral nuclei
- Receives information from all sensory systems

Corticomedial nuclei
Central nuclei

28
Q

Where does amygdala output to?

A

Output to hypothalamus (region involved in expression of emotion)

  • Stria terminalis
  • Ventral amygdalofugal pathway
29
Q

What is the result of removing the temporal lobe?

A

Temporal lobe removal (temporal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus)

  • psychic blindness
  • oral tendencies
  • emotional changes (reduced fear)
  • altered sexual behavior
30
Q

Outline the consequence of an amygdalectomy

A

Reduce fear
Reduce Aggression
Reduce ability to recognize a fearful expression (can recognise happiness)
Flattened emotions

31
Q

What does amygdala electrical stimulation cause?

A

Electrical stimulation

  • Increased vigilance
  • Anxiety
  • Fear
  • Aggression
32
Q

How does the amygdala affect PTSD patients?

A

Amygdala involvement in giving emotional content to memories (fear conditioning)
- neural circuit for learned fear

Amygdala involved in forming memories of emotional and painful events

Confirmed by fMRI images and PET imaging

33
Q

What causes aggression?

A
  • Multi facetted behaviour (kill for freedom, murderer, power, dominance)
  • Endocrine mechanisms (testosterone, castration)
  • Brain mechanisms
34
Q

What are the brain mechanisms involved in aggression?

A
  • predatory aggression

- affective aggression

35
Q

What is predatory aggression?

A

Attacks made against a member of a different species, to obtain food

No sympathetic activity

36
Q

What is affective aggression?

A

For show, threatening posture
Social hierarchy
High levels of sympathetic activity

Amygdala important role in aggression related to social hierarchy

37
Q

How can human aggression be reduced?

A

Surgery to reduce human aggression

  • Amygdalectomy
  • Psychosurgery—now treatment of last resort
38
Q

What are the results of surgery to reduce aggression?

A

Reduced aggressive behavior
Relief from anxiety
Profound, unpleasant side effects
Amygdala removal : Transformation from dominant to subordinate (social hierarchy, reduced aggression)

39
Q

What are the results of hypothalamus removal in cats?

A

The hypothalamus and aggression

  • Removal of cerebral hemispheres (cats) but not hypothalamus -> sham rage
  • Remove both cerebral hemispheres + anterior hypothalamus -> sham rage

Also remove posterior hypothalamus -> No sham rage

40
Q

Outline the neural circuits for anger and aggression

A

Two hypothalamic pathways to brain stem involving autonomic function
1. cerebral cortex -> amygdala ->

Medial forebrain bundle -> ventral tegmental area; predatory aggression

Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus -> periaqueductal gray matter; affective aggression

41
Q

How does serotonin affect aggression?

A

Aggression is inversely related to serotonergic activity.

42
Q

What is the effects of 5-HT antagonists?

A

5HT antagonist increase aggression

Decreased serotonin 5-HT1a increases anxiety and aggression

43
Q

What is the effect of 5-HT1a and 5-HT1b agonists on aggression?

A

Agonists of 5HT1A or 5HT1B decrease anxiety and aggressiveness
In humans, reports of negative correlation between serotonin activity and aggression

Neurology (20 decks)

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