Endocrine

Question 1

What is endocrinology?

Answer 1

Study of the endocrine organs and the action of its hormones

Question 2

What are common features of endocrine glands?

Answer 2

• the component organs/glands are not in direct continuity
• hormone synthesis is common function
• extensive blood supply
• absence of secretory ducts
• deliver their secretory products (hormones) into blood, lymph, or tissue fluid
• collaborate with nervous system to maintain homeostasis
• hormone effects are slow compared with nervous system but last longer

Question 3

What are the five primary endocrine organs?

Answer 3

• Hypophysis (Pituitary gland)
• Pineal gland (formerly epiphysis)
• thyroid glands
• parathyroid glands
• adrenal glands

Question 4

What are the organs that combine endocrine activity with other functions?

Answer 4

• Pancreas (Endocrine tissue)
• Ovary/Testis (Endocrine Tissue)
• Placenta (Endocrine cells)

Question 5

The placenta combines endocrine functions with the functions of cells in what other organs?

Answer 5

Kidney, Brain, Liver, Thymus, Heart, GI Tract

Question 6

What is considered the “master gland?”

Answer 6

Hypophysis (Pituitary Gland)

Question 7

The hypophysis (pituitary gland) occupies a central depression of what?

Answer 7

sella turcica of basisphenoid
(also known as hypophyseal fossa)

Question 8

The hypophysis (pituitary gland) is formed by what two parts?

Answer 8

• Adenohypophysis
• Neurohypophysis

Question 9

The adenohypophysis secretes what hormones?

Answer 9

• growth hormone
• thyroid stimulating hormone
• adrenocorticotrophic hormone
• follicle-stimulating hormone
• luteinizing hormone
• prolactine

Question 10

The neurohypophysis secretes what hormones?

Answer 10

• oxytocin hormone
• vasopressin hormone (antidiuretic hormone)

Question 11

The hypothalamus and adenohypophysis is connected by what?

Answer 11

Hypophyseal portal vascular (blood) system

Question 12

The hypothalamus and neurohypophysis are connected by what?

Answer 12

Neural stem

Question 13

The adenohypophysis is _____ and in a ____ location related with the neurohypophysis.

Answer 13

rostral, ventral

Question 14

The neurohypophysis is in direct connection with the hypothalamus, which makes it an extension of what?

Answer 14

Encephalon (brain)

Question 15

The pineal gland is located where?

Answer 15

in the middle of the encephalon (diencephalon), caudo-dorsal to the thalamus

Question 16

The pineal gland produces what?

Answer 16

Melatonin

Question 17

What is the purpose of melatonin?

Answer 17

Modulates sleep patterns in both circadian and seasonal cycles

Question 18

The shape of the pineal gland represents what?

Answer 18

pinecone

Question 19

Thyroid glands produce what?

Answer 19

Thyroxine hormones T3 and T4

Question 20

The thyroid glands live where?

Answer 20

lateral to the trachea, caudal to the larynx

Question 21

Thyroid glands occasionally may be connected by what?

Answer 21

An isthmus

Question 22

Parathyroid glands produce what?

Answer 22

parathyroid hormones

Question 23

How many parathyroid glands are there in normally?

Answer 23

normally 4, two in each side

Question 24

Parathyroid glands are usually embedded where in dogs and cats?

Answer 24

thyroid glands

Question 25

Parathyroid glands are ____ contrasting with the _____ color of thyroid glands.

Answer 25

pale, red-brick

Question 26

Adrenal glands produce what?

Answer 26

Critical Hormones: - cortisol - aldosterone (mineralocorticoid) - epinephrine (adrenaline) - AND androgens (not critical hormone)

Question 27

Cortisol produced by adrenal glands have effects on?

Answer 27

- muscle - bone - skin - immune system - vascular system - central nervous system - liver - kidneys

Question 28

Adrenal glands have high importance in what four categories?

Answer 28

- pathology - medicine - imagery - behavior

Question 29

What is the location of the adrenal gland?

Answer 29

- retroperitoneal - craniomedially to kidney's cranial pole

Question 30

The adrenal gland is composed of what three parts?

Answer 30

- capsule - cortex - medulla

Question 31

What glands release (secrete) substances through openings (ducts) onto your body external surfaces or within cavity surfaces?

Answer 31

Exocrine glands

Question 32

What are some of the products of exocrine glands?

Answer 32

- sweat - lacrima (tears) - saliva - digestive juices - milk

Question 33

Mammary glands produce what?

Answer 33

Colostrum and milk

Question 34

Each mammary gland is separated by what?

Answer 34

a connective tissue septa

Question 35

Mammary glands are pretty much what?

Answer 35

subcutaneous, enlarged sweat glands

Question 36

Dog have normally how many pairs of mammary glands? Cats?

Answer 36

Dogs - five pairs Cats - four pairs

Question 37

How many openings does each mammary gland have in dogs? Cats?

Answer 37

Dogs - each gland has 10-12 openings Cats - 4-8 openings

Question 38

What is the term for an animal with more than the normal amount of teats?

Answer 38

supernumerary teats mammary glands

Question 39

What lymph nodes are related to the mammary glands?

Answer 39

- sternal lymph nodes - axillary and accessory axillary lymph nodes - superficial inguinal lymph nodes

Question 40

Mammary glands develop where?

Answer 40

In the mammary ridges (lines)

Question 41

Mammary ridges extend from where to where?

Answer 41

axilla to inguinal regions (groin)

Question 42

Each mammary gland secretes via what?

Answer 42

Teat or papilla

Question 43

True or false: Each teat of a mammary gland can secrete via one or multiple papillary ducts.

Answer 43

True