anatomy and phys > endocrine system > Flashcards

endocrine system Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the endocrine system made up of

A

endocrine glands

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2
Q

what are endocrine glands

A

ductless glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream through capillary walls

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3
Q

what are the endocrine glands in the endocrine system

A
  • pituitary gland
  • thyroid gland
  • parathyroid gland
  • adrenal gland
  • pancreas
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4
Q

what are hormones made up of

A
  • proteins
  • fatty acids
  • cholesterols
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5
Q

how are hormones controlled

A

levels of certain chemicals in the blood, so they are only released at appropriate times & amounts

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6
Q

how does the endocrine system work

A

hormones travel around the body sending messages to different target tissues & organs. bind to receptor sites at the target cell and induce changes

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7
Q

features & functions of the hypothalamus

A
  • connected to pituitary gland by specialised vascular system
  • releases hormones which stimulate pituitary gland to release hormones
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8
Q

features & functions of the pituitary gland

A
  • small sized gland located at base of brain
  • divided into anterior and posterior lobes
  • releases various stimulating hormones into bloodstream
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9
Q

anterior pituitary hormones:

A
  • FSH- Follicle stimulating hormone
  • LH - luteinising hormone
  • ACTH - adrenocorticotrophic hormone
  • TSH -thyroid stimulating hormone
  • growth hormone
  • prolactin
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10
Q

posterior pituitary hormones

A
  • oxytocin

- antidiuretic hormone ADH

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11
Q

function of FSH

A
  • stimulates ovary to produce follicles containing egg

- stimulates the testes to produce sperm

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12
Q

name & function of LH or ICSH

A
  • luteinising hormone or interstitial cell stimulating hormone
  • acts in ovary to stimulate ovulation
  • acts on interstitial cells in the testis to stimulate testosterone production
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13
Q

name & function of ACTH

A
  • adrenocorticotrophic hormone

- stimulates adrenal gland to produce hormones that help body cope w/ stress

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14
Q

name & function of TSH

A
  • thyroid stimulating hormone

- stimulates thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine

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15
Q

name & function of GH

A
  • growth hormone

- acts on all tissues of the body, stimulating growth & repair of cells

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16
Q

what can excess or inadequate GH cause

A
  • excess causes gigantism or acromegaly

- inadequate GH causes pituitary dwarfism

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17
Q

function of prolactin

A
  • stimulates mammary glands to develop during pregnancy

- stimulates milk production

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18
Q

function of oxytocin

A
  • targets uterus during birth causes contractions

- acts on mammary gland tissue resulting in milk let down

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19
Q

name & function of ADH

A
  • targets convoluted tubules in the kidneys to reabsorb water, increasing blood volume & pressure
  • reduces amount of water lost from the body
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20
Q

what are feedback mechanisms

A

mechanisms your body has in place to ensure the correct amount of hormone is produced & released

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21
Q

features of positive feedback

A
  • rare & only occur in certain situations

- this loop increase or amplified the effect in the body

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22
Q

features of negative feedback

A

self regulating mechanism to prevent excessive production of hormones

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23
Q

negative feedback mechanisms apply to what hormones?

A
  • oestrogen
  • progesterone
  • testosterone
  • cortisol
  • growth hormone
  • thyroxine
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24
Q

anatomy of the thyroid gland

A
  • located at base of the ventral neck

- has 2 lobes on either due of the trachea near the larynx

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25
function of the thyroid gland
- secretes thyroxine
26
what is the function of thyroxine
- sets the pace for metabolism in the entire body
27
what are two conditions of the thyroid gland
- hyperthyroidism - over production of thyroxine | - hypothyroidism - underproduction of thyroxine
28
signs of hyperthyroidism
- hyperactive or restless - unkempt fur coats - big appetite but losing weight - drinking & urinating more than normal - can have fast heart tears & high blood pressure
29
signs of hypothyroidism
- sluggish - overweight - dry coat - skin changes
30
what is the parathyroid gland
small glands that sit next to the thyroid gland & produce a hormone called parathyroid hormone
31
what is the parathyroid hormone responsible for?
calcium & phosphorous regulation in the body
32
when the parathyroid detects a drop in calcium or rise in phosphorous, the parathyroid gland increases the amount of calcium, how does it achieve this?
- reabsorbing calcium from bone - increasing calcium absorption in the gut - increasing the reabsorption of calcium in the kidney, whilst excreting phosphorous
33
what is hyperparathyroidism
a parathyroid disease that causes excessive parathyroid hormone to be excreted
34
what is nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism
- due to poor nutrition - occurs due to low levels of calcium in the diet - causes excessive bone resorption
35
what is primary hyperparathyroidism
the abnormal enlargement of the parathyroid gland adjacent to the thyroid gland can be seen with cancer
36
what is renal secondary hyperthyroidism
- due to chronic kidney failure | - complex condition occurs when there is reduce filtration through the glomerulus
37
anatomy of the adrenal glands
- cranial to each kidney - pea sized in a dog - divided into a cortex (outside layer) & medulla (centre)
38
what hormones are produced by the adrenal glands
- glucocorticoids | - mineralocorticoids
39
what is the adrenal cortex responsible for secreting?
- cortisol (stress hormone) | - aldosterone
40
what is the adrenal medulla responsible for
- adrenaline
41
what are corticosteroids important for
- glucose regulation - body’s response to stress - regulating or decreasing the inflammatory & immune responses
42
features & functions of cortisol
- the stress hormone - suppresses immune system - increases blood glucose when released -
43
name of cushings disease
hyperadrenocorticism
44
how is cushings disease caused?
either tumours in the pituitary gland (too much ACTH) or in the adrenal cortex (too much cortisol), both resulting in excessive cortisol in bloodstream
45
signs of cushings disease
- excessive drinking & urination - symmetrical hair loss - skin infections - pot bellied
46
what hormone does the adrenal cortex produce? ( not cortisol) & what organ does it act on?
- aldosterone - acts on kidneys to control sodium & potassium levels - regulates water balance & therefore blood pressure
47
what is aldosterone responsible for?
- resorption of sodium - excretion of potassium - with reabsorption of sodium comes water reabsorption; increasing the circulating blood volume & maintains blood pressure
48
name of addison’s disease
hypoadrenocorticism
49
addison’s disease occurs due to what?
1. low cortisol levels | 2. low aldosterone levels
50
what does the adrenal medulla produce?
- adrenaline | - noradrenaline
51
why does the adrenal medulla secrete adrenaline
stimulation of the nerves of the sympathetic nervous system trigger the adrenal medulla to secrete these hormones
52
adrenaline acts on the body immediately, why?
it is responsible for the flight & fight response & therefore survival
53
actions of adrenaline?
- increases heart rate - constricts peripheral blood vessels to increase blood pressure ( sending oxygenated blood to just the organs that need it) - dilates the airways (opens the airways) - dilates pupils (assist with visualisation)
54
hormones produces by the ovaries
- oestrogen | - progesterone
55
how is oestrogen released
under the influence of FSH, oestrogen is released from the follicle inside the ovaries
56
oestrogen travels to the pituitary gland & stimulates it to release what?
LH ( luteinizing hormone)
57
how is progesterone produced
progesterone is released from the corpus luteum formed after the follicle ruptures in the ovary
58
what hormone is produced by the testis
testosterone
59
how is testosterone released
it’s released by the interstitial cells in the testis under the influence of LH or ICSH
60
what hormones does the kidneys produce
erythropoietin
61
what does erythropoietin control?
rbc numbers - kidneys detect when the body had low levels of oxygen & erythropoietin is released into the blood stream & acts bone marrow to stimulate production & release of rbc
62
anatomy of the pancreas
- located adjacent to duodenum - L shaped feathery light pink organ - has endo & exocrine functions
63
what is the exocrine pancreas function
- produces digestive enzymes (amylase & lipase) which are secreted into a duct that enters the duodenum
64
what is the endocrine pancreas function
- produces insulin; produced by the islet cells scattered in the pancreas
65
how is insulin secreted
it’s secreted by small clusters of islet cells that sit in between the exocrine cells that make the digestive enzymes
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