ENT Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main parts of the ENT system

A

ears, nose, throat, lymph nodes, hearing and smell.

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2
Q

What structures make up the external ear? middle? internal?

A

External: pinna, external auditory canal, TM, helix.

Middle: ET tube, tympanic cavity w/ ossicles

Inner: vestibule, semicircular canals, cochlea

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3
Q

Blood supply to..

  • the ear
  • the nose
  • the mouth
  • the larynx
  • the jaw
  • the neck
A

Ear: External Carotid Artery

Nose: branches of ophthalmic and maxillary artery (internal carotid artery)

Mouth: sublingual, lingual, deep, and dorsal lingual arteries… which branch from external carotid

Larynx: superior laryngeal…branch of external carotid

Jaw: external carotid

Neck: common carotids

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4
Q

What are the nerves that supply the..

  • external ear
  • middle ear
  • inner ear
A

external: arnolds nerve branch of the vagus nerve
middle: no one cares.
inner: facial and vestibulocochlear nerve

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5
Q

Purpose of the Eustachian Tube

A
  • air exchange (pressure)
  • excretory (drain middle ear)
  • defense (preventing infection)
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6
Q

Which portions of the basilar membrane (of the cochlea) transfer lower and higher frequencies?

A

Apical portion (most curled) transfers lower frequencies

basal end relays higher frequencies

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7
Q

What direction does each of the following semicircular canals respond to?

  • superior
  • posterior
  • lateral
A

superior: head up and down. yes movement
posterior: touching ear to shoulder
lateral: shake head NO, side to side.

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8
Q

what is ala nasi?

A

-the rounded lower borders of the nose

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9
Q

what bones make up each wall of the nasal cavity?

  • roof
  • floor
  • medial
  • lateral
A

Roof: frontonasal, ehtmoidal, sphenoidal

Floor: palatine process of maxilla, palantine bone

Medial: nasal septum, ethmoid bone, vomer, palatine bone

Lateral: 3 nasal conchae

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10
Q

Which area of the nose is most prone to bleeds?

A

-kiesselbach

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11
Q

Function of the nose

A
  • respiration
  • air conditioning
  • protection
  • olfaction
  • eustachian tube =permits the nose to equalize pressure
  • drainage
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12
Q

Which neuronal cells renew?

A

olfaction and gustatory

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13
Q

what nerve runs through the parotid gland and what are its branches?

A
  • facial nerve runs through the parotid and it has 5 branches:
    1. temporal
    2. zygomatic
    3. buccal
    4. mandibular
    5. cervical
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14
Q

What are the three parts of the tooth?

A
  • crown: portion covered by enamel
  • root
  • pulp cavity: houses dental pulp = nerves, arteries, veins, and lymph channels
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15
Q

What are the taste buds and which do not actually taste?

A

filiform* = dont have taste buds (most front part of tongue)

fungiform

vallate

foliate
(most back part of tongue)

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16
Q

what are the 5 taste sensations? Describe their signal transduction

A

sweet(tip, upper 1/3)), sour(back 1/3), bitter (back), salty(middle 1/3), umami

salty and sour use Na and H channels whereas bitter and sweet use GPCR …CN VII (anterior 2/3), IX (posterior 1/3), and X carry these signals to the brain.

17
Q

What are the muscles of the tongue?

A

4 extrinsic and 4 intrinsic

Extrinsic:

  • genioglossus = protrudes tongue
  • hyoglossus = depresses the tongue
  • styloglossus = elevates and retracts tongue
  • palatoglossus = depresses soft palate and depresses back of tongue

Intrinsic:

  • superior longitudinal
  • inferior longitudinal
  • ventricle
  • transverse
18
Q

Nerve innervation of tongue

A

VII = facial, anterior 2/3

IX = glossopharyngeal, posterior 1/3

X and XII = motor. Vagus and hypoglossal

19
Q

pharynx extends from the base of the skull to?..

A

the 6th cervical vertebrae

20
Q

What is the blood/nerve supply to the pharynx?

A

Blood: facial artery

Nerve: maxillary, glossopharyngeal and vagus

21
Q

Function of pharynx

A

swallowing

breathing

speech

equalize pressure in middle ear

immunity

22
Q

function of larynx

A

producing voice, swallowing, breathing, protect the lower airway

23
Q

larynx is composed of what three types of cartilage?

A

(superior) epiglottis….thyroid….cricoid (inferior)

24
Q

Glottis is open during sound production?

A

FALSE!! its closed during sound production.. and open during breathing

25
Q

Vocal cords voice mechanism

A
  • air pressure system (regulates air pressure to cause vocal fold vibration)
  • vibratory system (voice box, converts vibration to sound waves)
  • resonating system (changes buzzy sound into recognizable voice)
26
Q

Nerve supply to the larynx?

A

superior laryngeal nerve and recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve.

27
Q

What muscles elevate the mandible to bite?

A

-masseter, temporalis, and lateral/medial pterygoid muscle

28
Q

What are the margins of the anterior triangle of the neck? what are the 4 sub triangles this possesses?

A

Anterior triangle margins: midline, SCM, body of mandible.

  1. submental
  2. submandibular
  3. carotid
  4. muscular
29
Q

What are the margins of the posterior cervical triangle? what are the 2 sub triangles?

A

clavical, SCM, trapezius

  1. occipital
  2. subclavian/supraclavicular