declarative memory
- you have access to it
- you can declare it explicitly
episodic memory
-conscious memory for a specific event (what) that occurred in a specific time (When) and place (where)
semantic memory
- general knowledge about the world
- not tied to a specific learning event
stages of episodic memory
- encoding
- consolidation
- retrieval
encoding
- forming a memory representation
- track the co-occurrance of a set of features
consolidation
-transforms the memory representation
retrieval
-bringing the representation back to mind
recall
- information you want isn’t in retrieval cue
- use the cue to reactivate representation
free recall
“write down all the words you can remember from the list”
cued recall
“fill in the missing pair from the word list”
recognition
-information is present
item recognition
“is the word presented a new word or was it previously presented”
associative recognition
“is the pair presented the same as before, or is one of the words the same, or are they both new words?”
role of attention in episodic encoding
- critical for perceiving the world (sensory memory), creating/holding representation (WM)
- critical for encoding
- focalization, concentration, goal-directed
study of full attention vs divided attention
- intentional learning vs. world learning + additional monitoring
- divided performed worse when the stimulus were presented faster
dual attention theory
- top down (endogenous)
- bottom up (exogenous)
top down attention
- goal-directed
- internally driven shift in attention
bottom up attention
-reflexive shift of attention triggered by salient or unexpected stimuli
Posner task
- press button when square present
- focus visual attention to an area by using an arrow cue which is usually correct but can also be wrong or neutral
- measure reaction time
- detection is fastest for valid, then neutral, then invalid
Which attentional type does an invalid cue on the posner task capture?
bottom-up
which attentional type does a valid cue on the Posner task capture?
top-down
What is the function/ benefit of bottom-up attention?
- allow us to reorient, attend to salient stimulus
- quickly shift attention to something that might be important
Brain imaging data for dual attention theory
- study compared activity for cued (valid/invalid) stimulus in the Posner task
- Dorsal network:
- goal directed
- top-down
- compared cued to neutral
- Ventral attention network:
- stimulus driven
- bottom up
- compared invalid to valid
fMRI correlates of Episodic Encoding paradigm
- present items
- look at brain activity during presentation
- later test (did they remember or forget?)
- look at activity from presentation
- Positive subsequent memory effect or negative subsequent memory effect
