evolution🦧🪨☄️

Question 1

how have modern cattle been produced from less productive ancestors

Answer 1

• artificial selection
• select cattle with desirable traits such as producing more milk
• cross breed selected cattle
• cross breed best offspring
• over many generations

Question 2

evidence for evolution

Answer 2

• biochemical evidence
• compare base sequences
• compare structure of haemoglobin
• compare amino acid sequence
• more similarities indicate closer relationship
• compare anatomy
• antibiotic resistance

Question 3

when cloning why would you use frog with albinism for nucleus to transfer into brown frog eggs

Answer 3

• offspring visibly different from donor

- to show offspring produced are clones

Question 4

when cloning would the offspring contain mitochondrial dna identical to biological mother, father or donor mother

Answer 4

-donor because mitochondria in cytoplasm

Question 5

potential applications of adult cell cloning

Answer 5

• investigate development and treatment of disease
• produces best animals
• preserve endangered animals
• grow tissues

Question 6

advantage of using clones for research

Answer 6

genetic variable controlled

Question 7

why does lack of genetic vatiation contribute to disease spread

Answer 7

-if one is susceptible to disease then all are likely to be

Question 8

how to use selective breeding to improve overall disease resistance of a crop in short and long term

Answer 8

• cross breed with disease reistant variety
• select best offspring
• interbreed offspring with best offspring
• continue process for many generations
• avoid breeding closely related individuals to preserve genetic diversity
• preserve rare varieties in case they are needed in future

Question 9

how does parasite benefit from relationship

Answer 9

• warmth
• protection
• allows spread to new host

Question 10

how do bacteria cause food spoilage

Answer 10

• bacteria divide
• secrete enzymes
• food digested
• release toxins

Question 11

why does food spoil faster at higher temperatures

Answer 11

• more bacteria present
• more bacterial reproduction
• more toxins produced

Question 12

what is the vector for malaria

Answer 12

-anopheles

Question 13

why do adults who survive malaria lose immunity when leave malarial area

Answer 13

• no booster
• no repeat infections
• memory cells reduce
• no secondary response

Question 14

why has it not been possible to produce vaccine against malaria

Answer 14

• different strains have different antigens
• due to mutation
• more than one stage in plasmodium life cycle, different antigens during different stages
• different strain/life stage needs different vaccine

Question 15

how do fossils support evolution

Answer 15

• show organisms change over time
• fossils can be dated
• fossils show intermediate forms

Question 16

continuous variation

Answer 16

• no distinct categories
• can be measured
• genetics and environment

Question 17

undesirable consequences of selective breeding

Answer 17

• inbreeding
• less genetic variation
• greater risk of genetic disorders

Question 18

benefits of using antibiotics on livestock

Answer 18

• prevent disease

- reduce risk of transmitting pathogen to humans