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Natural Sciences > Evolution and Classification (10%) > Flashcards

Evolution and Classification (10%) Flashcards

1
Q

A theory fails to meet the criteria of scientific methodology if

(A) it is unpopular
(B) it contradicts other theories
(C) it has not been conclusively proved
(D) it has not been stated in mathematical terms
(E) no experiments can be designed to test it

A

(E) no experiments can be designed to test it

correct

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2
Q

All of the following geologic time intervals are characterized correctly EXCEPT

(A) Cambrian period...age of birds
(B) Carboniferous period...age of amphibians
(C) Devonian period...age of fishes
(D) Cenozoic era...age of mammals
(E) Mesozoic era...age of dinosaurs
A

(A) Cambrian period…age of birds

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3
Q

Analogous structures are less useful in determining evolutionary patterns among organisms than homologous structures for which of the following reasons?

(A) Analogous structures are more complex than homologous structures.
(B) Analogous structures form vestigial structures, and homologous structures do not.
(C) Analogous structures are subject to mutation, unlike homologous structures.
(D) Analogous structures are derived from the same embryological tissues, so they provide little information.
(E) Analogous structures reflect adaptation to the environment, and homologous structures reflect evolutionary ancestry.

A

(E) Analogous structures reflect adaptation to the environment, and homologous structures reflect evolutionary ancestry.

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4
Q

Which of the following best describes antibiotic resistance?

(A) It is a condition that causes humans to become resistant to antibiotics.
(B) It is caused by overuse of antibiotics, which allows for selection of resistant bacteria.
(C) It causes organisms to contract viral infections.
(D) It is a problem only in developing countries.
(E) It is a treatment for infections that results in a resistant immune system in an organism.

A

(B) It is caused by overuse of antibiotics, which allows for selection of resistant bacteria.

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5
Q

A population of seed-eating birds exhibits variation in the size of their beaks, with a mean beak size of 12 mm. Beak size is a heritable character that affects the size of seeds a bird may consume (e.g., larger beaks can crack larger seeds). After a drought, plants that produce smaller seeds are rare, but plants that produce larger seeds are still common.

Which of the following evolutionary mechanisms will most influence the beak size of the bird population after a drought?

(A) Genetic drift 
(B) Gene flow 
(C) Natural selection 
(D) Sexual selection 
(E) Mutation
A

(C) Natural selection

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6
Q

If the frequency of PTC tasters in a population is 91%, what is the frequency of the allele for non-tasting PTC?

(A) 9% 
(B) 30% 
(C) 90% 
(D) 70% 
(E) none of the above
A

(B) 30%

Reason: If the frequency of PTC tasters in a population is 91%, then the frequency of PTC non-tasters is 9% (the total of both must be 100%). The 9% figure represents the q squared (q2). So, to figure out q, we take a square root of 9%, or .09, which is .30 or 30%.

p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1

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7
Q

Two geographically isolated populations of foxes experience genetic drift and mutations over time, and eventually they can no longer interbreed successfully. This is an example of which type of speciation:

(A) allopatric
(B) sympatric 
(C) adaptive 
(D) punctuated 
(E) none of the above
A

(A) allopatric

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8
Q

The classification characteristics that define the genus of an animal or a plant are usually more general than those defining

(A) a class 
(B) an order 
(C) a species
(D) a family 
(E) a phylum
A

(C) a species

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9
Q

In the name Homo sapiens, the word sapiens refers to the

(A) species
(B) family 
(C) class 
(D) genus 
(E) order
A

(A) species

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10
Q

Which of the following animals is most closely related to the cheetah?

(A) Chicken 
(B) Alligator 
(C) Frog 
(D) Squirrel
(E) Eagle
A

(D) Squirrel

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11
Q

This period is believed that early animal life evolved from protists at this time:

(A) Cambrian period
(B) Ordovician period
(C) Devonian period
(D) Ediacaran period

A

(D) Ediacaran period

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12
Q

This period is known as the age of amphibians:

(A) Cambrian period
(B) Ordovician period
(C) Devonian period
(D) Carboniferous period

A

(D) Carboniferous period

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13
Q

This period is known as the age of fish:

(A) Cambrian period
(B) Ordovician period
(C) Devonian period
(D) Carboniferous period

A

(C) Devonian period

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14
Q

This era is known as the age of dinosaurs:

(A) Cenozoic era
(B) Mesozoic era
(C) Paleozoic era

A

(B) Mesozoic era

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15
Q

This period marks the most rapid evolution of new animal phyla and animal diversity in Earth’s history. Echinoderms, mollusks, worms, arthropods, and chordates arose during this period.

(A) Cambrian period
(B) Ordovician period
(C) Devonian period
(D) Carboniferous period

A

(A) Cambrian period

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16
Q

This era is known as the age of mammals:

(A) Cenozoic era
(B) Mesozoic era
(C) Paleozoic era

A

(A) Cenozoic era

17
Q

The end of the _____ period (_____ era) was marked by the largest mass extinction event in Earth’s history, a loss of roughly 95 percent of the extant species at that time.

(A) Jurassic (period), Mesozoic (era)
(B) Tertiary (period), Cenozoic (era)
(C) Permian (period), Paleozoic (era)
(D) Triassic (period), Mesozoic (era)

A

(C) Permian (period), Paleozoic (era)

18
Q

Earliest human fossils are thought to be _____ million years old.

(A) 1.8 million
(B) 5.3 million
(C) 10.8 million
(D) 30.5 million

A

(A) 1.8 million

19
Q

_____ is the existence of structures in two different species that share a common ancestry.

(A) Homology
(B) Convergent Evolution
(C) Analogy
(D) Divergent Evolution

A

(A) Homology

20
Q

_____ is the existence of structures in two different species that share a common function but not a common ancestry.

(A) Homology
(B) Convergent Evolution
(C) Analogy
(D) Divergent Evolution

A

(C) Analogy

21
Q

Convergent evolution is a kind of evolution wherein organisms evolve structures that have similar (_____) structures or functions in spite of their evolutionary ancestors being very dissimilar or unrelated.

(A) Homologous
(B) Analogous
(C) Convergent
(D) Divergent

A

(B) Analogous

22
Q

Mechanisms of Evolution: Some individuals within a population are better suited for survival under given environmental conditions. The common term for this is:

(A) Differential Reproduction
(B) Mutation
(C) Genetic Drift
(D) Natural Selection

A

(D) Natural Selection

23
Q

Mechanisms of Evolution: _____ is the term to describe individuals who are better suited for survival and are also more likely to successfully reproduce. This strengthens the frequency of expression of “desirable” traits across a population over time.

(A) Differential Reproduction
(B) Mutation
(C) Genetic Drift
(D) Natural Selection

A

(A) Differential Reproduction

24
Q

Mechanisms of Evolution: This describes a random alteration of change in a DNA sequence:

(A) Differential Reproduction
(B) Mutation
(C) Genetic Drift
(D) Natural Selection

A

(B) Mutation

25
Q

Mechanisms of Evolution: _____ impacts the genetic makeup of a population by random chance. Sometimes individuals leave behind a few more offspring than others, and therefore, more genes. These genes are then expressed in following generations, even though they are not necessarily the “fittest” …or better equipped to survive.

(A) Differential Reproduction
(B) Mutation
(C) Genetic Drift
(D) Natural Selection

A

(C) Genetic Drift

26
Q

Mechanisms of Speciation: Means “same homeland”. Two non-geographically isolated populations emerge from one due to the development of genetic differences where they can no longer interbreed successfully.

(A) Allopatric
(B) Sympatric
(C) Adaptive Radiation

A

(B) Sympatric

27
Q

Mechanisms of Speciation: Means “other homeland”. Two populations that are isolated geographically, so there’s a physical barrier of some sort between these two populations. Over time, they experience mutations, genetic drift, and eventually this happens to the point where they can no longer interbreed successfully.

(A) Allopatric
(B) Sympatric
(C) Adaptive Radiation

A

(A) Allopatric

28
Q

Mechanisms of Speciation: Organisms diversify rapidly from an ancestral species into new forms, particularly when a change in the environment makes new resources available, creates new challenges, or opens new environmental niches. This is referred to as:

(A) Punctuated Equilibrium
(B) Gradualism
(C) Adaptive Radiation

A

(C) Adaptive Radiation

29
Q

Mechanisms of Speciation: Small population with rapid environmental change is referred to as:

(A) Punctuated Equilibrium
(B) Gradualism
(C) Adaptive Radiation

A

(A) Punctuated Equilibrium

30
Q

Mechanisms of Speciation: Large population in a stable environment is referred to as:

(A) Punctuated Equilibrium
(B) Gradualism
(C) Adaptive Radiation

A

(B) Gradualism

31
Q

Carolus Linnaeus and the 7 Level System follows what order?

(A) Domain > Phylum > Kingdom > Class > Order > Family > Genus > Species
(B) Domain > Kingdom > Phylum > Class > Order > Family > Genus > Species
(C) Domain > Kingdom > Phylum > Class > Order > Family > Species > Genus
(D) Kingdom > Domain > Phylum > Class > Order > Family > Genus > Species

A

(B) Domain > Kingdom > Phylum > Class > Order > Family > Genus > Species

32
Q

Binominal nomenclature is a “2 name” system that includes the _____ and _____.

(A) Domain, Kingdom
(B) Phylum, Class
(C) Family, Genus
(D) Genus, Species

A

(D) Genus, Species

33
Q

The Modern Classification System includes three different domains. The names of the three domains are Archaea, Eubacteria, and _____.

(A) Prokaryotes
(B) Eukaryotes
(C) Homologous
(D) Analogous

A

(B) Eukaryotes

34
Q

This domain contains Prokaryotes, have unique DNA, and sometimes live in extreme ecosystems. They are sometimes call extremophiles. Example is Yellowstone’s hot springs, where not many organisms can live at such high temperatures, but some of these are able to.

(A) Archaea
(B) Eubacteria
(C) Eukaryotes

A

(A) Archaea

35
Q

This domain contains Prokaryotes and bacteria. Example is E. coli.

(A) Archaea
(B) Eubacteria
(C) Eukaryotes

A

(B) Eubacteria

36
Q

This domain contains Eukaryotic cells. Contains 4 kingdoms: Protista, Fungi, Animalia (where humans and dogs are), and Plantae.

(A) Archaea
(B) Eubacteria
(C) Eukaryotes

A

(C) Eukaryotes

Natural Sciences (10 decks)

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