1
Q
how does a baby develop in the nuromaturational theory?
A
- development occurs sequentially and skills occur when certain nervous system developments occur
- emphasizes biological factors over environment
- master of one motor skill leads to the next,
- milestones are non variable, gross motor before fine motor, reflex voluntary
- occurs cephalocaudal and proximal to distal
2
Q
How does a baby develop occurding to the cognitive theory?
A
- motor and cognitive development are closely linked
- development occurs due to child’s engagement in enviornment and nervous system maturation
piaget, montessori
3
Q
How does a baby develop according to the behavioral theory?
A
- emphasizes the role of experience and learning
progress depends on experiences and circumstances in enviornment
development results from an interaction of genetic and environmental events taht create learned responses
Pavlov, skinner
4
Q
How does a baby develop according the the psychoanalytical theory?
A
- development is influenced by uncounsious drives
- certain biological drives that encourage developmental progress
initial is for survival and basic needs then if those or met development into others
Maslow
5
Q
How does a baby develop according to the ecological theory?
A
- development is highly influenced by environment
- interdependence w chid and environment
complex system of relationships influenced by multiple enviornmental levels
broffenbrenner’s ecological system
6
Q
How does a child drevelop according to the dynamic systems theory?
A
- development occurs due to the interaction of multiple systems, the enviornment and the task
- expands/replaces neuromaturation theory - it all matters
- occurs across the lifespan - not just childhood
- feedback loops- interactions between systems
- development is nonlinear and based off child
- universal milestones
- new skills may change how old skills are performed
- may be limited by internal or external factors
1 of 2 possible ways PT thinks
7
Q
How does a baby develop in the neuronoal group selection theory?
A
- repeated activity causes neurons involved in activity to fire together
- cortical and subcortical organization of neural networks taht support skill
- variation and variability are the key elements of typeical development
- infant motor development included periods of increased variability and decreased variability due to changes in CNS
8
Q
Typical development is in a…
A
Range
9
Q
What 3 factors influence child development?
A
genetics, child individual role, enviornment
10
Q
What is functional movement?
A
a complex activity directed towards performing a behavioral task
movement that involves the child, task, and environment
11
Q
What is the direction of development for a baby’s motor development?
A
- cephalic to caudal
- proximal to distal
- gross to fine
- undifferentiated to specific (dissociation)
12
Q
What is the kinesiology of motor development
A
- physiological flexion -> antigravity extension -> antigravity flexion
* mobility -> stability -> controlled mobility -> skill - asymmetry -> symmetry -> controlled/purposefull asymmetry
- weight shifting
13
Q
When does the scapulo-humeral dissociation develop?
A
4 months
allows for grewater degrees of freedom and increased control of movement later on
14
Q
When does shoulder-pelvic and leg dissociation develop?
A
5-6 mo
also pelvic femoral but no clear time frame it develops
allows for grewater degrees of freedom and increased control of movement later on
15
Q
Why is weight shifting important?
A
- necessary for all transitions
- infant-controlled vesibular stimulation
16
Q
Why are developmental screenings important?
A
- early development has lifelong effects, so it is critical to identify delays and start interventions as soon as possible
17
Q
What movement is a neonate capable of (0-10 days old)
A
physiological flexion in supine and prone
* prone: shifted forward on face, able to extend neck and rotate head to opposite side
* supine: no antigravity control of neck flexors, briefly maintains head in midline
18
Q
what is a Neonates sitting ability (1-4 weeks)?
A
- lack of trunk muscular control
- full forward flexion from hip
- rounded back, head falls forward, protraction of shoulders
19
Q
What is a neonate’s standing abilities (1-4 weeks)?
A
- neonate will bear weight (but not in extension)
- stepping reflex (asymentrical)
20
Q
What hapens motor wise in the first 1-2mo of birth?
A
- decreasing flexor tone
- smooth visual pursuit of object by 6 weeks, adult like by 14 weeks
- beginning to sustain head in midline, more often rotated
- increasing socialization
21
Q
What is 2-3 month old motor prone development?
A
- Prone on elbows (POE): increased head and cervical extension/upper thoracic ext
- in prone can hold head up to 45 to 90 degrees in midline
- UE: increased abduction and UE allows forearm weihtbearing, elbows and shoulders are mostly aligned
- hip extension is increasing but flexion is still present, unable to bring pelvis down to surface
22
Q
What is motor development like in supine for 2-3 month olds?
A
- moving towards midline orientation of the head
- increased antigravity flexor control in head/neck and upper trunk paired with neck and upper trunk extension
- UEs: ABD but also can bring hands together at chest at midline
- LEs: hip: flex, abd, external rotate; knees: flexed; feet: in contact with e/o
23
Q
Why is tummy time important?
A
helps develop anti-gravity extension
- important in first 6 mo
24
Q
What is sitting like in the first 2-3 mo?
A
- need full support to sit
- lacks trunk control to maintain sitting
- can sustain head lifting w/ neck hyperextended
- Pull to sit has head lag and shoulder elevation
25
What is standing like in the first 2-3 mo?
* 2 mo: infant may stop taking weight through their feet- astasia-abasia (inibility to walk)
* 3 mo: infanat takes weight through their feet
26
what are motor skills like for a 3 mo old?
| prone, supine, pull to sit, grasp, skill
* Prone: beginning to bear weight on forearms
* supine: increasing midline orientation - head in midline with chin tuck, hands and eyes increasing time in midline, LE is frog-legged position
* Pull-to-sit: continued head lag with shoulder elevation
* Grasp: hands kept closed, palmar reflex
* Skill: midline head control
27
when does head control fully develop?
at birth: fully extend/flex neck when supported upright
at 2 mo: midline in frontal plane orientated in slight flexion, oscillation if in neutral flexion/extension, unable to rotate head unsupported
at 3 mo: stable, able to rotate to follow vision, occasional oscillations or loss of control
28
What are red flags for 3 mo olds?
* strong Asymmetries
* increased hypotonia
* supine: unable to achieve midline head position, unable to bring hands to body
* prone: strong dislike of prone, unable to abduct shoulders for prone on forearms
29
What is the position of a 4 mo old in prone?
* Prone on elbow: increased trunk extension, reinforced by scapular adduction (chest clearence)
* pectorals adduct UE in line w/trunk
* pelvis: moves between Ant. pelvic tilt (hip and knee flex, ankle DF) and post. pelvic tilt (hip and knee ext, ankle pf)
* upright head control
* rolling: typically initiated by strong head extension for gravity to take over
30
What is the position of a 4 mo old in supine?
* incrased antigravity flexion control
* head in midline: active chin tuck -> posterior neck elongation
* hands to knees -> exploration and initiates rolling by single leg
31
4 mo old sitting and standing
sitting
* lacks active trunk and hip control, still requires external support as no elongation of spine
* pull to sit: head lifts symmetrically
standing
* takes weight through feet, requires less support- can be held up by hands
* --
32
What can 5 mo olds do in the prone position?
Prone on elbow transition from prone on extended arms
* active spinal extension, shoulder girdle stability - balanced with developing flexor muscle control (abs and pectorals) UE reach w/o collapse
* interplay of extensor and flexor components during forearm WB -> ext arm WB -> forearm wt shifting
* lateral head righting -> lateral flexion of spine, away from WB surface and elongation of WB side
***elongation on the weight bearing side**
## Footnote
righting
33
What motions can 5 mo olds do in supine?
* abdominal control increasing - lifts feet to hand/feet to mouth - sensory and body exploration
* Rolls supine: side line - lateral cervical flexion, elongation on WB side, dissociation of LE
* No head lag during pull to sit
34
How well can 5 mo olds sit and stand?
sitting
* propped on extended arms, forward lean
* brief periods of hands-free sitting
* good head control and turns heads freely
* LEs remain fixed in one position - ring sitting
standing
* infant takes full weiht through LE
---
35
what is pivot prone?
* advanced stage of prone: trunk and hip extension, head, Ue and Le move freely from a stable trunk
* allows for different view of environment
* scapula Add and ABD allowing them to rock on stomach
* happens around 5 mo
36
What skill develops between 4-5 mo?
pull to sit with no head leg
37
What is a baby's movement at 4-5 mo?
* strong symmetry balancing flexors and extensors
* prone: accidental rolls from prone to sidelying (3-4 mo), shoulder adduction w/chin tuck to begin reaching, beginning posterior pelvic tild, prone on hands (5 mo)
* supine: hands to knees and feet, rolling to sidelying
* may begin prop sitting
* Skill: pull to sit with no head lag
38
what skill does a baby develop at 6 mo?
prone
* prone on extended arm, support their weight while turning head to follow a toy
* reach forward and laterally
* pivot in a circle
supine
* hands to lifted feet
* can flex and lift head due to antigravity flexor control
* reaches, grasps and explores toy, **hands to feet crossing midline**
39
When does a baby learn how to roll from supine to/from prone?
6 mo
* initiated by flexion in head or LEs -> sidelying
* in sidelying lateral flexion w/ elongation on Wbing side
* Le dissociation with WB on extremeties and adduction le and top le flex and abduct
* rollling is primary form of mobility at 6 mo
40
how good can a baby sit and stand at 6 mo?
sitting
* independent sitting
* pelvis in perpendicular position due to sufficient hip and trunk control, can move UEs and head freely
* can protect themselves when they fall forward
standing
- infant bears weight, standing w/ hands held, enjoys position, bounces
41
What motor control does a baby at 6 mo have?
* prone on extened arms
* reaching in prone on forearms
* Skill: rolls segmentally from supine to and from prone (6-7m)
* sitting; may or may not use hands
* accepts weight through legs, may bounce
* hands usually open. can vilitionally hold objects and involuntarily release it
* palmar grasp 4-6 mo
42
When does the skill rolling to prone and rolling to supine develop?
4-7 mo
* initial: log rolling, initiated with shoulder girdle and head
* later: segmental rotation, more degrees of freedom, dissociation and trunk rotation
43
What are red flags for 6 mo olds?
impaired Le posturing or patterns:
* strong hip extensor/adductor/internal rotation + ankle plantarflexion
OR
* strong hip abduction/external rotation + ankle dorsiflexion/eversion
impaired age-appropriate motor skills:
* no lateral flexion in prone or side lying
* unable to roll or using extension to roll
* poor UE weight bearning in prone
* Unable to prop sit
head lag in pull to sit
* decreased movement variability
44
What is the mobility of a 7-8 mo old?
* creaping is main form of movement
* can get from prone pushes to quadruped/bear position
* additional control in muscles of trunk, pelvis and hips allow baby to lift hips to quadruped
- - good UE and shoulder girdle WB control
-- sufficient trunk extensors and abdominals to lift abs off floor
-- sufficient hip control to actively flex hips and maintain balance on flexed hips
* rocking in quadruped is often obserbed before creeping
-- frequent movemtn between siting to/from hands and knees
## Footnote
**Prone and quadruped**
45
What is the mobility of a 7-8 mo old?
* belly or commando crawling
* creeping
* bear crawling
* schooting on butt for closer objects
* rolling
46
What movements should 9 mo olds be able to do?
* functional/good sitting w/ varied positions of LE
* frequent transitions in/out of sitting and quadruped
* attain and maintain tall kneeling
* pull to stand through kneeling on both to 1 knee to push up
* cruises along furniture sideways (as learns to walk)
* balance in standing is maintain through UE contact w/ support surface (LE abducted to increase BOS in standing)
* climbing is goal: UE and LE dissociation, pulling to stand, climbing up/downstairs
47
What skills are developed between 7-9 months?
Skill: independent sitting w/ transitions
Skill: crawling on belly or creeping
* may begin pull to stand, cruising, taking steps with hands held, squat to stand
fine motor skills
* actively supinate forearm, radial palmar grasp (7mo)
* independently feed from bottle
* volitional release of an object
* begin finger feeding
* progress to radial-digital grasp
48
The development of sitting
steps: prop sitting to static LE position w/ wide BOS to shifting center of pass to reach and transitioning LE position
* Prop sitting at 4-5 mo
* sitting w/o UE at 6-8 mo
49
The development of crawling/creeping?
* may use army crawling first
* before reciprocal creeping, will see transition to quadruped from bone, rocking, and moveing one extremity at a time
* happens between 7-11 mo (before 12 mo)
50
What are some movement red flags at 9 mo?
* inability to sit independently or transition in/out of sitting
* lack of variability of LE positioning in sitting
* use of "bunny hopping" pattern to crawl
51
What is movement like for 10-11 mo olds?
* **sitting:** can extend backwards when falling (by 10 mo)
* **pull to stand**: transition to standing through knee -> 1 knee w/ less reliance on UE
* **standing**: stands at support surface w/ rotation (10mo), stands alone (11 mo)
* **lowers self in standing** w/ one hand in contact w/ support surface (10mo)
* **cruising**: uses only 1 hand to stabilize while walking along furniture, faces forward-curising w/ rotation (10 mo)
52
When do all the grasps develop?
Radial palmar: 4-6 mo
radial digital: 7-9 mo
princer grasp: 10-11 mo, perfected at 12 mo
palmar supinate grasp: 13-18 mo
digital pronate grasp: 24-36 mo
quadrupad grast: 3 yrs
static tripod grasp: 4 yrs
dynamic tripod grasp: 5 yrs
---
53
What motions should a 12 mo old be able to do?
* Transition in and out of sitting to/from quadruped and to and from knee; also pull to stand and or transition through quadruped
* Walk alone: UE in high guard, wide BOS, short quick steps, **lower extremities externally rotated at hips**
* plays in squattin gposition for long time and moves smootly to standing
54
What are the requirements adn characterisitics of beginning to walk?
requirements for walking:
* rhythmic stepping pattern
* able to balance
* able to adapt gait to enviornment
characteristics
* wide BOS
* UEs: high guard position
* Hipps: abducted, flexed, slightly ER
* Flat foot initial contact (no heel strike)
* no push off
55
10-16 mo old motor skills
* gross motor: pre-walking skills (pull to stand, crusing, independent standing)
* Skill: independednt walking
* creeping up stairs
* squat to stand w/o UE support
56
13-16 mo old fine motor, cognitive, language and social-emotional development
**fine motor:** imitate scribbling, palmar-supine grasp
**cognition**: follow simple commands, point to 3 body parts
**language**: can understand more then they can express, shake head no, 15 meaninful words
**social-emotinal:** peak seperation distress, imitating other children
57
12 mo old red flags
* restricted/excessive ROM
* strong Asymmetrical postures
* no independent mobility
* not climbing
* not pulling to stand/standing at surfaces
58
15 mo old red flags
* not attempting to walk idependently or performing pre-waling skills
* walking in plantarflexion or using hip adduction
* comprehension problems
* limited social interactions/social avoidance
* ritualistic behaviors
* no words or unintelligible speech
59
18-24 mo movement abilities
* more mature gait pattern
* beginning running
* creaking backwards down stairs
* climbing stiars using railing (step to)
* squat to play
* ride-on toys w/o pedals
60
18-24 mo fine motor, cognition, language, and social-emotion development
**fine motor:** spontaneous scribbles
**cognition:** find hidden objects, deffered imitation, use toys/dolls for pretend play
**language:** understands muliword utterances, linking 2 words together, 50-200 words, identify pictures when named
**social-emotional:** less seperation distress, beginning empathy to others in distress, uses words in protest
61
24-36 mo motor development
* jumps off low step
* kick small ball
* catch ball between arms/body
* start of throwing overhand
* walking backwards
* pedaling tricycle idependently
* standing on one foot for few sec
62
24-36 mo fine motor, cognition, language and social-emotional development
**fine motor:** digital pronate grasp on pencil, imitates verticle then horizontal stroke
**cognition:** substitutes objects in pretend play, matches objects, responds to 2-3 step command, sings songs
**language:** two-part sentences, demands response from others, 250+ words
**social-emotional:** includes others in pretend play, pretends to perform caregiver's routine
63
3 yrs motor development
* true run w. flight phase mastered
* reciprocal pattern ascending stairs
* step to pattern descending stairs
* jumps off step w/ 2 feet land and takeoff
* jumps over 2 in objects
64
3 yr old fine motor, cognitive, langauge and social-emotional development
**fine motor:** copies circle, quadrupod grasp on pencil
**cognition**: tells simple story, count to 5, puts together puzzle, follows 3 step commands
**language:** more complex sentenses, begins using verb tesnes and plurals, adult syntax and grammer
**social-emotional:** physical agression over verbal aggression, interest in how/why things work
65
4 year old motor development
* hops on one foot
* Single leg stance for 5 sec
* kicks a ball
* reciprocal pattern descending stairs
* gallops
* trunk rotation when throwing
66
4 year old fine motor, cognition, language, and social-emotional
fine motor: traces diamond w/rounded corners
cognition: counts 5 objects, gives age, matches and name 4 color
language: rereads favorite books using pictures, creates questions appropriately
social-emotional: difficulty thinking of alternatives in conflict, will learn aggresive behavior quickly if initally successful
67
what motor developments happen at 5 years?
* stop and cange directions quckly when running
* h\op 8-10x consequctively on one foot
* skips
* throw ball and hit target from 10 feet
* roller skates
* rides bike
68
fine motor, cognitive, language and social-emotional development at 5yr
Fine motor: dynamic tripod pencil grasp, copies triangles
cognition: comprehends past, present and future
language: understands passive sentences
social-emtotional: continued poor self-control, needs removal of temptation or distraction
69
6-8 year old motor development
* skips (5-6 yrs)
* jumps rope
* throws ball more skillfully
* bats balls more skillfuly
70
6-8 year old fine motor, cognition, language, social-emotional development
fine motor: connect zipper on coat, may tie shoes (6), improving finger dexterity
cognition: beginning concrete operational thinking, beginning rehersal strategies for memory
language: jokes, beginning to read, more conventional speller
socail-emotional: can feel more then one way about a situation, beginning to understand people may interpret situations differently
71
9-12yrs motor development
* increasing strength, coordination, balance and speed
* increasing jumping distance
* enjoys competitions
* mature running pattern, throwing, and jumping
72
9-12 year fine motor, cognition, laguage, and social-emotion development?
* fine motor: independent ADLs, learning cursive
* cognition: understanding summaries, increasing attention span
language: improving spelling, incrasing vocabulary
social-emotional: increasing interest in group activies and organization sports, increasing time with friends
73
13-18 yr motor development
growth spurts
* rapid growth in size and strength (boys > girls)
* may have problems with coordination and balance following grwoth spurts
COG shifts to shoulders for males, hips for females
74
13-18yrs fine motor, cognition, language and social-emotional development
fine motor: continued improving finger dexterity, learnign to drive
cognition: can think abstractly, can argue either side in debate, growing interest in social issues surrounding them
language: improving reading comprehension; longer, more complex sentences
social-emotion: peer-oreinted, self-consious, increasing emotional autonomy from parents
75
What are the newborn protective reflexes?
* blinking
* gagging/caughing
* sneezing
76
Asymmetrical tonic neck reflex
* appears: prenatally at 20 weeks
* disappears after 4-6 mo
* stimulated by turning baby's head to one side
* response: arm of face side extends, arm of skull side flexes (reversing the direction to which face is turned reverses position)
77
Rooting reflex
* purpose: assist newborn in finding nutrition
* stimulus: touch on cheek
* response: infant turns head towards stimulus
* develops prenatally at 28 weeks and is integraded/fades at 3 mo
78
sucking reflex
* appears prenatally at 28 weeks
* disappears at 5 mo
* stimulated by touch to lips and inside mouth
* resoonse: rhythmic action of jaw- tongue pressing against soft palate; swallow
* * the sucking reflex is important for coordination with breathing and swallowing
79
Palmar grasp reflex
* appears: prenatally at 28 weeks
* integrated by 4-7 mo
* stimulus: place finger in open palm
* response: baby's hand will close around the finger (fingers but not thumb)
* the grasp should be equal bilaterally
80
Plantar grasp reflex
* appears prenatally at 28 weeks
* integrated by 12 mo
* stuluated by touching the ball of the foot
* response: toe grasp
* if it persists it could interfere with standing and walking
81
Flexor withdrawl reflex
* appears: prenatally at 28 weeks
* disappears after 1-2 mo
* stimulated by noxious stimuli to bottom of foot
* causes the foot to withdraw/flexion of stimulated foot (usually see counterextension on oposite side
| if it doesn't go away = toe walkers or will collapse when weight bearing
82
Crossed extension reflex
* appears: prenatally at 28 weeks
* disappears after 1-2 mo
* stimulated by noxious stimuli to bottom of foot
* response is flexion of stimulated Le and extension of opposide LE with adduction (to try and get rid of it)
83
Galant reflex (truncal incurvation reflex)
* appears prenatally at 28 weeks
* disappears after 3 mo
* stimulus: with newborn in prone or held in ventral suspension, apply pressure and run a finger down either side of the spine
* response: lateral curvature of trunk on stimulated side; infant moves hip towards side that was stimulated
84
Moro reflex
* appears prenatally at 28 weeks
* disappears by 3-5 mo
* stimulus: quick gentle lower of baby's head (safely) or upward traction on UEs
* response: ABD and extension of 4 limbs, followed by flexion into chest; infant may cry; newborn initially appears startled and then relaxes to a normal resting position
85
stepping reflex
* appears: prenatally at 37 weeks
* disappears at 3-5 mo
* stimulus: hold newborn upright and inclined forward with soles of feet touching a flat surface
* this causes high stepping/walking motion with regular rhythm
86
Symmetric tonic neck reflex (STNR)
* stimulated by flexion or extension of head
* response: if head if flexed - flexes UE and extends LE; if head is extened - entends UE and flexes LE
87
Tonic labyrinthine reflex
* stimulus: supine or prone position
* Response:in supine position babys are extentened; in prone position, baby's are flexed
88
What happens when reflexes are retained?
| moro, TLR, ATNR, spinal gallant, STNR, rooting, palmar
* moro: car sickness, allergies, anxiety, mood swings, does not maintain eye contact
* TLR: poor posture, muscle weekness, poor balance, spatial problems, W sitting
* ATNR: eyes jump over words, right-left confusion, difficulty skipping, poor handwriting, difficulty riding a bike
* Spinal gallant: bed wetting, poor concentration, poor memory, difficulty reading, slouching in chair
* STNR: messy eater, poor attention, floppy muscle tone, skipped crawling, difficulty swimming
* Rooting: chews on non food objects often, loves chruncy foods, difficulty transitioning to solids, thumb sucking, speech problems
* palmar: poor fine motor skills, difficulty with pincer grasp, poor handwrittting, sticks out tongue while trying to draw cut etc, sensitive to texture on hands
89
which reflexes are postural reactions?
righting reaction, equilibrium reactions, protective extension
| these don't go away
90
righting reaction
used to "right" or "adjust"
* body parts to center, body to normal position, to get into and maintain upright position for movement, aligns eyes with horizontal and head with trunk
* neck righting, labyrinthine head righting (head and trunk), occulo head righting, body righting , segmental rolling, landau (superman)
91
Landau reflex
* stimulus: hold infant in prone position
* reaction: infant assumes an extension posture, superman position
* significance: supports postural development in sitting and standing
92
equilibrium reaction reflexes
keep center of gravity in base of support
* equilibrium reactions in prone/supine start developing at 6 mo
* equilibrium reactino in prone/supine are consistant at 7 mo
* equilibrium reactions in sitting begin at 8 mo
* equilibrium reactions in quadruped begin at 9 mo
* equilibrium reactions in standing start developing at 12 mo
-
93
protective reactions fully develop at?
| extension downward, forward, side, backwards
protective...
* extension of arms downward at 4 mo
* extension of arms forward at 6 mo
* extension of arms to side at 7 mo
* extension of arms backwards at 9-10 mo
94
When does a lot of hip and knee stability develop?
7-9 mowith quadriped
95
what are pre gait skills?
| happen at 10+ mo
* kneeling (tall, half, and low)
* pull to stand
* cruising
* bridging and pivots
* unsupported standing
* floor to stand w/o support
96
10+ mo developmental skills that aid in walking
* continued strength of LE and postural mm
* weight bearing through LE - changes structure and alignment
* closed chain muscle recrutiment
* vestibular input and balance
* eccentric control
97
What are normal gait requirements?
* stability in stance
* sufficient foot clearance
* appropriate positioning of foot for initial contact
* adequate step length
* energy concervation
| none of these present at first steps
98
What is normal gait cycle?
single limb support: 40%
double limb support: 20%
swing phase: 40%
99
What are the mechanics of first steps?
* arms in guard - shoulder flexion and or abduction, elbow flexion
* absent arm swing with little to no trunk rotation
* toe or flat foot strike - foot drop in swing phase
* wide BOS
* fast cadence
* short step length
* variability and balance "wabbles"
* lack efficiency and energy concervation
100
What does a baby look like who's been walking for 3 mo?
* narrowed BOS
* arm position out of guard/come down from it
* foot clearance and step length
* stability in Single leg stance
101
what does an 16-18 mo old walking look like (around 6 mo of walking)?
* decrased hip abduction and BOS decreases
* heel strike develops
* knee flexioin in swing phase
* trunk and pelvis dissociation
* center of mass descends lower on the trunk
* ---
102
What does a 2 yr old walking look like?
* heel strike
* reciprocal arm swing
* continued but decreasing abudction and external rotation of legs
* single leg stance time decreasing
* late dorsiflexion > plantarflexion in gait cycle indicating continued difficulties w/ eccentric control
103
What does walking look like for a 3-4 yr old?
* cadence and velocity increase
* improved eccentric plantarflexion at heel strike
* valgus knees (knock knees)
* arm swing, trunk rotation, striking w/extention
104
what does a 6-7 yr old walking look like?
* center of mass slightly higher than adults (L3 for children vs. S2 for adults)
* increase in stride length (due to length of limbs)
human growth & development
flashcards
Decks in class (4)
# Cards
