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Endocrinology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary function of Calcitonin

A

Decrease Plasma calcium

Decrease osteoclast cell synthesis and activity

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2
Q

What is a secondary function of Calcitonin

A

Decrease Pain

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3
Q

What inhibits bone resbsorption

A

Calcitonin

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4
Q

What secretes calcitonin

A

C cells of thyroid

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5
Q

Which calcitonin disease is diagnosed when a patient has an adverse rxn to biphosphonates

A

Osteoporosis

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6
Q

What diseases are associated with calcitonin problems

A

Osteoporosis

Osteitis (paget’s disease)

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7
Q

What is Pagets disease

A

Disorder of the normal bone remodeling

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8
Q

What are symptoms of pagets disease

A 
Bone pain
Fractures
Bowed legs
Cauda equina syndrome
enlarged skull
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9
Q

Where is parathormone (PTH) synthesised

A

Dark Chief cells (Parathyroid gland)

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10
Q

What is the function of Parathormone

A

Maintain calcium and phosphorus in plasma

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11
Q

What is caused by a decrease in parathormone

A

Decreased calcium in blood (hypocalcaemia)

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12
Q

What are the three primary functions of PTH

A

Stimulate growth
Increase 100% vit D synthesis
Increase blood calcium

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13
Q

How does PTH increase blood calcium

A

stimulate osteoclast cell activity

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14
Q

What is the most powerful hormone to increase plasma calcium

A

PTH

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15
Q

What are the secondary functions of PTH

A 
increase metabolism
increase plasma glucose
increase blood pressure
increase immune response
decrease plasma bicarbonate
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16
Q

What are the sites of Vitamin D synthesis

A

Liver

Kidney

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17
Q

What form of vit D is synthesized in the liver

A

25-(OH) D3

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18
Q

What form of vit D is synthesized in the kidney

A

The active form

1,25 (OH)2D3

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19
Q

What chemical class is vitamin D

A

Seco-steroid

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20
Q

The form of Vit D in the liver (25(OH)D3) is converted in what

A

1,25(OH)2D3 —– Kidney form

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21
Q

What is the general organ pathway of Vit D

A

Skin –> liver —> kidney

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22
Q

what regulates the synthesis of Vit D

A

1-alpha-hydroxylase in the kidney

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23
Q

What regulates 1-alpha-hydroxylase

A

Parathyroid hormone

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24
Q

What are the primary functions of Vit D

A

Increase linear height

Increase plasma calcium

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25
Q

What are the secondary functions of Vit D

A

Stimulate integumentary system (skin and hair)

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26
Q

what is a common problem with vit D deficiency of synthesis problems

A

Alopecia

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27
Q

What are causes of Vit D deficiency

A

Sun shunning

lack of Vit D in diet

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28
Q

What are symptoms of vit D deficiency

A 
Increase in Cardiovascular disease
Cognitive impairment
severe asthma in children
some cancers
Rickets
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29
Q

Where is substance P synthesised

A

CNS and PNS

its a Neuropeptide

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30
Q

What is the function of substance P

A

Transmits pain information about tissue damage to CNS

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31
Q

What receptor does substance P bind to

A

Neurokinin-1 receptor

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32
Q

What does substance P do to the heart rate

A

Increase Heart rate (decrease PB)

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33
Q

What systems are at risk of an inflammatory disease caused by substance P

A

Respiratory
Gastointestinal
Musculoskeletal

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34
Q

What are some diseases associated with Substance P

A

Eczema
Fibromyalgia
Low back pain
Arthritis

35
Q

What association has been found between substance P and PTSD

A

There is elevated substance P in CSF in PTSD patients

36
Q

Where are endorphins mainly found

A

In the brain

37
Q

What is the function of endorphins

A

Block pain sensations

38
Q

What are the three major types of endorphins

A

Beta-endorphins
Enkephalins
Dynorphins

39
Q

What is the natural painkiller

A

Enkephalins

40
Q

What do Enkephalins do

A

Raise pain threshold

41
Q

What is the difference between Endorphins and Enkephalins

A

Enkephalins = dulls/inhibits emotional and physical pain

Endorphins = Remove pain but also have effect on mood and well being

42
Q

What feelings do endorphins produce

A

Euphoric

43
Q

What can stimulate endorphin production

A

UV light exposure
Eating a great meal
Sex

44
Q

What type of exercise can produce endorphins

A

Heavy weight training or running

45
Q

What is they job of the thyroid

A

Controls metabolism (BMR)

regulates - digestion, O2,metabolize fat, body temp

46
Q

What role does the thyroid play in a child’s development

A

helps control growth and intellect

47
Q

What class are thyroid hormones

A

Amine

48
Q

What are thyroid hormones derived from

A

Tyrosine

49
Q

how much iodine do we need a year for proper thyroid gland function

A

50 mg/year

50
Q

What membrane protein pumps iodine into the thyroid follicle cells

A

Sodium-iodide symporter

51
Q

What form of iodine does the sodium-iodide symporter transport into the thyroid follicle

A

Iodide

52
Q

how many sodium ions are transported our of the thyroid follicle for each iodide m/c

A

2 Na+/1 iodide

53
Q

What is the process of concentrating iodide in thyroid follicle

A

Iodid trapping

54
Q

What influences the rate of iodide trapping

A

TSH from Anterior pituitary gland

55
Q

What enzyme promotes oxidation of Iodine

A

Peroxidase and Hydrogen peroxide

56
Q

What molecule is thyroxine and triiodothyronine cleaved from

A

Thyroglobulin

57
Q

What stimulates the cleavage of thyroglobulin

A

TSH from anterior pituitary

58
Q

What are the majority of thyroid hormones released from the follicle cells

A

T4 - Thyroxine

T3 - Triiodothyronine

59
Q

What is the primary function of the thyroid gland in children

A

Increase linear height in children

60
Q

What is the primary function of thyroid gland in adults

A

increase metabolism

increase energy

61
Q

Thyroid gland stimulates Osteo_____ cell activity

A

Osteoblast cell

62
Q

What are the 4 neurological means of the thyroid gland

A

Increase membrane permeability
increase synth of neurotransmitter
Increase number of receptors for NT
decrease enzymes that catabolize neurotransmitters

63
Q

What does the thyroid gland do to the muscular system

A

Stimulate the enzymes of protein anabolism

64
Q

What does the thyroid gland do to cardiac muscle

A

Stimulate myosin heavy chain alpha

Inhibit myosin heavy chain beta

65
Q

How does the thyroid gland effect skeletal muscle

A

Release Calcium along T-tubules in smooth and skeletal muscle

66
Q

how does the thyroid gland increase BP

A

Increase HR and stroke volume

67
Q

how does the thyroid increase plasma calcium

A

stimulate osteoclast activity

68
Q

what does the thyroid gland do to endocrine glands

A

Stimulate adrenal glands

increase secretion of cortisol

69
Q

how does the thyroid stimulate the GI system

A

stimulate peristalsis

stimulate secretion of hormones + enzymes

70
Q

How does the thyroid gland stimulate tissue oxygenation

A

Increase secretions of erythropoietin

71
Q

How does the thyroid gland effect the immune system

A

Increase B and T lymphocytes

72
Q

What are some antithyroid substances

A

lodine in excess
lithium
Fluoride in excess (block thyroxine production)

73
Q

What are some foods that help the thyroid

A 
Kelp
Dulse
Potatoes
shrimp
cod
eggs
74
Q

What is the second most common endocrine disorder

A

Thyroid disorders

75
Q

What is a common symptom of Hypothyroid

A

Bradycardia

Hasimotos thyroiditis

76
Q

What is a common symptom of hyperthyroid

A

Tachycardia

Graves disease

77
Q

What is Goiter

A

Increased or decreased production the T4

Causes an enlarged thyroid gland

78
Q

What is diffuse goiter

A

Even enlargement to thyroid

79
Q

What is nodular goiter

A

uneven enlaregment of thyroid

80
Q

What are symptoms of Graves disease

A

increased thyroxine (decreased TSH)
Protruding eyes
Diffuse goiter
drooping eyelid

81
Q

What is Hasimotos thyroiditis

A

Autoimmune disease

Thyroxine levels varry

82
Q

What is a thyroid neoplasm

A

Tumor of the thyroid

83
Q

What is thyroid storm

A

When a person is producing too much thyroxine, often caused by a thyroid neoplasm

Endocrinology (3 decks)

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