1
Q
Pruritus in small animals is usually due to what? Alopecia without pruritus?
A
- Parasites
- dermatophytes, barbering, shedding, demodex, endocrinopathies
2
Q
What bacteria is frequently isolated from rabbits and rodents?
A
S. aureus
3
Q
Which small mammals skin is very thin? Very thick?
A
Rabbit = thin
Ferret = thick
4
Q
What is a patagium?
A
Sugar glider’s sliding membrane
5
Q
What is a ferret’s natural habitat? What happens if they are in a dry environment? How often should they be bathed?
A
- Humid den
- Dry environment -> dry coat and pruritus
- Shouldn’t be bathed more than 1 x /month
6
Q
Why might a ferret cause facial excoriation?
A
If they don’t have adequate bedding to burrow in
7
Q
What parasite can cause pododermatitis in ferrets?
A
S. scabeii var fereti
8
Q
Eating raw eggs can cause alopecia in ferrets. What’s the deficiency?
A
Biotin
9
Q
List 5 different dermatologic conditions of ferrets.
A
- Parasitic: O. cyanotis, S. scabeii
- Viral: distemper
- Endocrine: AEE (sex hormones), left adrenocortical hyperplasia
- Atopic dermatitis
- Pemphigus foliaceous
10
Q
What is the cause of hyperestrogenism in the ferret? Clinical signs? Diagnosis? Treatment?
A
- Unmated jill (persistent estrus) or ovarian disease
- Alopecia tail base, pancytopenia, pale mucus membranes, petechiae, paresis
- U/S, elevated estradiol and progesterone
- Possible blood transfusion, GnRH (deslorelin) to end estrous
11
Q
What is Lynxacarus mustelae?
A
Fur mite of ferrets.
12
Q
Which flea may you see in ferrets?
A
C. felis
13
Q
How does canine distmper virus affect ferrets?
A
- pruritic skin rash, swelling, hyperkeratosis
- 100% fatality!
- Should be vaccinated
14
Q
Discuss AAE.
A
- Excess sex hormones (estrogen and/or androgen, normal cortisol)
- LEFT adrenocorticol hyperplasia > mass
- Spayed or neutered
- Progressive alopecia, lethargy, muscle wasting, sexually aggressive, dysuria,
- UT adrenal panel
- deslorelin, melatonin, surgery
15
Q
What type of diet do ferrets require?
A
High protein, low fiber
16
Q
Which parasite is causes ear canker in rabbits?
A
Psoroptes cuniculi
17
Q
What is toxic to rabbits? What happens and what is the MOA?
A
- Fipronil
- Rabbits GABA-gated chloride channels are more sensitive to fipronil (they should only affect insects, but in this case it also affects rabbits) leading to neuronal hyper-excitation -> seizures, tremors, death
18
Q
Is cheyletiella symptomatic in rabbits?
A
It can be, but often is not.
19
Q
What is leporacarus gibbus and where does it affect?
A
Fur mite
Rump
usually non-clinical
20
Q
What is passalurus ambiguous?
A
Pinworm of rabbits
21
Q
What is spilopsyllus cuniculi?
A
Flea of wild rabbits. Vector for myxomatosis.
22
Q
What is haemodipus ventrocosus?
A
Sucking louse of rabbits. Can spread tularemia.
23
Q
What is treponema paraluisleporidarum?
A
- Spirochete bacterium
- Rabbit ‘syphillus’ or ‘Schmorl’s disease’ or ‘vent disease’.
- Ulcers and crusts on nose, genitalia. Painful. Can pass venereal OR doe to kit. Penicillin G.
24
Q
Which special stain can be used to identify the causative agent of “Schmorl’s disease”?
A
Rabbit syphilis caused by a bacterial spirochete can be identified with Warthin-Starry stain.
25
What is haemophysalis leporispalstris?
Continental rabbit tick
26
What is myxomatosis?
Arthropod pox-virus in rabbits that is deadly. Clinically can appear as swelling and nodules around the face.
27
What is necrobacillus?
Bacterial disease (fusobacterium) in rabbits causing necrotic skin lesions. AKA schmorl''s disease. Tx: penicillin INJECTION only
28
What is the Shope Fibroma vs. Shope papilloma?
- Shope Fibroma: POX
- Shope papilloma: papilloma virus
29
What breeds are predisposed to pododermatitis in rabbits?
Rex and Angora.
30
What is Listrophorus gibbus?
Fur mite in rabbits.
31
What ringworm is common in pet store rabbits? Rabbits in homes?
T. mentag vs. M. canis in homes.
32
What animal gets sebaceous adenitis (not dogs)?
Rabbits
33
What type of cutaneous lymphoma do rabbits get?
T-cell rich B cell subtype (like horses!)
34
What is trixacarus caviae? Where would you find it?
- Sarcoptic mite in guinea pigs. PRURITIC.
- Neck/shoulders/back
35
What is chirodiscoides caviae? Where would you find it?
- Fur mite of GP
- Lumbar
- Non-clinical
36
What is gliricola porcelli? Where would you find it?
- Slender chew louse in GPs.
- Ears and neck
37
What is gyropus ovalis?
Oval chew louse in GP.
38
A GP presents for excessive chewing on it's cage mate's fur. What might be a cause?
- Lack of fiber in diet
- Stress
- Overcrowding
39
Name this GP parasite.
Gliricola porcelli.
40
What dermatophyte is most common in GPs, and what is the therapy? What other dermatophyte has been reported?
- T. mentag.
- Griseofulvin, fluconazole, itraconazole.
- T. porcellae
41
What vitamin is important for guinea pigs and why?
Vitamin C, lack of L-glucanolate oxidase enzyme makes them prone to hypovitaminosis C.
42
What drugs are toxic to GPs?
Streptomycin
Procaine
Aminoglycosides (ototoxicity)
43
What is this pruritic skin mite of GPs?
Trixicarus caviae
44
If a GP develops a cystic ovary, what symptoms might you see?
- Hyperestrogenism
- Alopecia on flanks. Symmetrical and bilateral.
45
Are fur mites pathogenic in rodents?
In low levels, they are often asymptomatic. At higher levels they become symptomatic.
Myobia musculi is the one most likely to be pathogenic.
46
What drug is toxic to rats?
Nitrofurantoin causes neurotoxicity
47
Which mite of rats is zoonotic?
Ornithonyssus bacoti (tropical rat mite)
48
What is the sarcoptic mite of rats? What other animals does it affect? Where are lesions?
- Notoedres muris
- Gerbils
- Face, tail
49
What is polyplax spinulosa vs. serrata?
Spinulosa = sucking louse of rats (typhus)
Serrata = sucking louse of mouse
50
Which flea can spread Yersinia pestis and typhus?
Xenopsylla cheopis
51
What is the oriental flea rate?
Xenopsylla cheopis
52
What neoplasia can rats of both sexes get on their mammary glands?
Mammary fibroadenoma
53
What causes ringtail in rodents?
Cold -> necrosis of tail
54
What is syphacia muris?
Pinworm of rat
55
Which species does notoedres muris effect?
Rats, hamsters
56
What is tail slip?
A severe injury in hamsters where the skin of the tail detaches during restraint as a defense mechanism.
57
What is Demodex aurati?
Demodex mite of hamsters, particularly Syrian hamster. Long-bodied.
58
What is demodex criceti? Where is it found on the body?
- Demodex mite of hamsters, particularly Syrian hamster. Short-bodied, lives in SC, more likely to be pruritic.
- Back, neck, hindquarters, abdomen
59
Name the two mites.
Left = short bodied D. criceti (PRURITIC!)
Right = long bodied D. aurati
60
What is demodex meroni? Where does it affect?
- Demodex mite of gerbils
- Dorsum
61
What endocrine disease may develop in gerbils or hamsters?
HAC.
62
A polyomavirus in hamsters or gerbils may result in what type of a growth?
Trichoepithelioma.
63
Are chincillas prone to parasites?
No, more prone to husbandry issues. They have a thick coat that helps prevent parasites.
64
Is fur chewing genetic or environmental condition in chinchillas?
Considered heritable with predisposing causes of stress, overcrowding, malnutrition, etc.
65
What is unique about chinchillas?
They need a dry environment and dust bathes.
66
What is fur slip?
A defense mechanism in chinchillas where they release a patch of hair during rough handling.
67
What is fur ring?
Fur wraps around prepuce
68
Is ringworm or mites more common in chinchillas?
Husbandry > Ringworm > mites
69
What is demodex chinchillae?
Demodex of chinchillas. Rare.
70
What is cotton fur in chinchillas?
High protein diet leading to wavy, weakened coat
71
What is caparina tripillis?
Surface mite of hedgehogs resulting in pruritus, quill loss, scale.
72
What dermatophytes are hedgehogs affected by?
Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. erinacei
73
What is the most common parasitic cause of quill loss in hedgehogs?
Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. erinacei
74
What therapy should hedgehogs not receive?
Fipronil.
75
What is Notoedres cati var. cynomydis?
Mite of the prairie dog.
Crusting, alopecia and pruritus on extremities.
76
What is linognathoides cynomyis?
Sucking louse of prairie dog.
77
What is oropsylla hirsuta?
Flea of prairie dog, vector for Yersinia pestis
78
What viral disease can prairie dogs get that can have dermatologic clinical signs?
Monkey pox
79
What is bald nose in prairie dogs?
They rub their nose against the cage continually until there is hair loss.
80
What are the most common problems in sugar gliders?
Nutrition (low protein) > secondary infections (after fighting) > parasites
81
What infection can cause death in sugar gliders?
P. multocida
82
What are sugar gliders prone to that isn't infectious?
Self-mutilation
83
Finding demodex in any species indicates what?
Immune suppression.
84
What therapies are safe to treat most ectoparasites of small mammals?
Ivermectin or selamectin.
85
What therapies are safe for most small mammals to treat dermatophytosis?
Itraconazole, griseofulvin, lime sulfur.
86
What does nitrofurantoin cause in rats?
Neuropathy
87
Metronidazole is toxic in which species?
Chinchillas
88
What happens when birds are fed an all seed diet?
Hypovitaminosis A
89
How many molts do birds go through per year?
1-2, some up to q 2 yrs
90
Which antibiotics are OK and which aren't safe for rabbits?
- GOOD choices: quinolones, sulfonamides, chloramphenicol, metronidazole, azithromycin.
- Don’t give clavamox, clindamycin, cephalosporins, erythromycin.
91
Which animals are streptomycin and procaine toxic to?
Mice, hamsters, gerbils, GP
92
Ototoxicity from aminoglycosides has been seen in which species?
GP & chinchillas
93
What clinical sign is seen in birds with hypothyroidism?
Retarded feather growth.
94
What are some reasons birds are susceptible to behavioral feather plucking?
- Prey species
- Gregarious
- Foraging behaviors
- Attention seeking
- Separation anxiety
- Sexual frustration
- Trauma
95
What causes scaly legs or faces in birds?
Knemidocoptes (mutans - poultry, pilae - psittacines?)
96
Match the following:
K. pilae
K. jamaicensis
K. mutans
– poultry
– canaries, finches
- budgerigars
- K. pilae: budgerigars (cere/leg/scaly face mite)
- K. jamaicensis – canaries, finches
- K. mutans – poultry (scaly leg). Lameness.
97
What mite spends time entirely on the host vs. nocturnal only?
Ornithonyssus sylvarium - all the time
Dermanyssus gallinae - nocturnal
98
O. sylvarium has which five life stages? Which feeds on the host?
- Egg, larva, protonymph, deutonymph, adult
- Only PROTOnymph feeds in immature stages (adult also feeds)
- Deutonymph non-feeding
99
Name this mite.
O. sylvarium
100
Name this mite.
D. gallinae
Humans + chickens!
101
What are the life stages of dermanyssus gallinae?
Eggs, larva (non-feeding), protonymph (needs blood meal), duetonymph (needs blood meal), adult
Mating and oviposition occur off the host.
102
What is the difference in life cycle between O. sylvarium and D. gallinae?
- D. gallinae: proto, dueto, adults feed (but otherwise off the host)
- O. sylvarium: PROTO, adults feed, always on host (dueto doesn't take a blood meal)
103
What is echidnophaga gallinacea?
Stick tight flea. Infects birds but also mammals.
104
What are some toxicities to birds?
Tobacco smoke, metal, PFAS pans
105
Compare and contrast psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) vs. polyoma virus.
PBFD (circovirus):
- Affects young leading to dystrophic feather loss and beak overgrowth.
- Feather changes are often symmetrical.
- Causes immunosuppression and is fatal.
- Intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies
Polyoma virus:
- Affects young resulting in loss of tail and flight feathers (crawlers)
- Adults recover and can become carriers
- Intranuclear inclusion bodies
106
What is Poxvirus A?
Vector spread avian pox virus leading to nodules, often on the face. Intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies (bollinger bodies) diagnostic.
107
What is argas persicus?
Soft tick that is nocturnal and affects birds.
108
Which anti-parasitic therapy should not be given to a finch?
Ivermectin
109
Which anti-parasitic therapy should not be given to a bird?
Imidacloprid
110
Which anti-parasitic therapy should not be given to a grey parrot?
Itraconazole
111
What is unique about fish epidermis?
No stratum corneum.
112
What happens when the fish skin barrier is disrupted?
Osmotic balance is disrupted with the risk of infection and death
113
What is the mucus layer of the fish analogous to?
Microbiome
114
What are crucial environmental factors that lead to pathology?
Water temperature and quality
115
Which fish is scale-less?
Catfish
116
What does antibiotic metabolism and clearance depend on in fish?
Water temperature
117
What is gyrodactylus?
A fish fluke with a razor-like head.
118
What is columnaris disease?
Bacterial disease (flavobacterium columnare) of fish (looks fungal but it's not), low pathogenicity but infects during stress in warmwater freshwater fish.
119
What is Edwardsiella ictaluri?
Hole in head disease of catfish. Bacterial gram neg rod infection causing ulcers on the head leading to to septicemia and death.
120
Can fish get mycobacteria?
Yes, causing ulcers of the skin and it is zoonotic. M. marinum, M. fortutum.
121
What is saprolegnia?
An oomycete affecting fish.
122
What is ichthyophthirius multifiliis?
Parasitic protozoan affecting fish skin, ick, causing white spots and may be pruritic
123
What is Lernea?
A worm parasite that is visible on the fish skin
124
What is argulus?
Fish lice
125
What is lymphocystitis?
Viral disease in fish looking like cauliflower lesions
126
What is carp pox?
Papillomavirus in carp, benign.
127
What is EUS in fish?
Oomycete + viral disease
128
What anti-parasitic therapy should not be given to chelonians?
Ivermectin
129
What is a retained spectacle? What causes it? Treatment?
- A clear protective scale over the eye. When it does not get shed with the rest of the skin, it is considered retained.
- Improper husbandry, mites, infections
- Place in water for 30 minutes OR put in a pillow case with a damp towel before manually removed
- Address humidity issues
130
What is dysecdysis?
Abnormal shedding of snake skin. Doesn't specify why.
131
What is ophionyssus natricis?
Snake mite causing pruritus, dysecdysis. T: Ivermectin.
132
What is CANV?
Yellow fungus disease of lizards. Tx: Posaconazole or voriconazole.
133
What is devriesea agamarium?
A bacteria infection of reptiles causing chronic proliferative dermatitis. Tx: ceftiofur.
134
Which therapy should you not give for devriesea agamarium?
Floroquinolones
135
What is Emydomyces testavoras?
Fungal disease of reptiles causing ulcerative skin and shell disease.
136
What is citrobacter frendii?
Septicemic cutaneous and ulcerative dermatitis in reptiles
137
What is Beneckae chitinovora?
Ulcerative shell disease in turtles
138
What is blister disease in reptiles?
Non-specific to etiology. Inappropriate humidity, bacteria and fungal disease, concurrent systemic illness leading to vesicles, pustules, ulcers and necrosis on ventrum. Lance blister, clean, treat underlying cause.
139
What bacteria can cause otitis media in turtles?
Proteus morganii
140
Should hot rocks be used in reptile cages?
No!
141
Beta-keratin is unique to which animals?
Reptiles and birds, differentiates from mammal skin
142
What does UVB deficiency cause in reptiles?
Poor keratinization, secondary infections
143
What vitamin deficiency is common in turtles and what does it cause?
- Hypovitaminosis A
- Squamous metaplasia, follicular iimpaction, retained shed
144
Which antibiotics are often used in reptiles? Antifungals?
- Enrofloxacin, ceftazadime, TMS
- Itraconazole, voriconazole
LT ACVD
flashcards
Decks in class (16)
# Cards
-
Genodermatosis88
-
Large Animal96
-
Nail terminology22
-
Structure / Function130
-
Cytokines48
-
Infectious disease220
-
Parasitology112
-
Exotics144
-
Immune function116
-
Internal Medicine + Oncology224
-
Nutrition, environmental, trauma113
-
Pharmacology235
-
Dermatohistopathology72
-
Otology134
-
Atopy166
-
Psychoneurodermatology60
