KIN 330 > final > Flashcards

final Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

forward model

A

simulates behavior of the body in response to motor commands and captures causal relationship b/t action and consequence
-“predictor”

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2
Q

inverse model

A

simulates behavior of the motor apparatus and estimates motor commands required to achieve a desired state in advance of the movement and based on current state and corollary discharge
“controller”

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3
Q

describe internal model as part of a mechanism for internal feedback loops

A
  • forward dynamic model provides a constant closed loop feedback system for online adjustment
  • together with the inverse model
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4
Q

predictive and anticipatory control in terms of forward model

A
  • predictor (forward model) uses the efference copy to predict the sensory feedback, which allows for anticipatory control of things like grip control
  • eg ketchup
  • prediction happens due to sensory delay which would be reactive control
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5
Q

sensory confirmation and cancellation in terms of forward model

A
  • sensory signals from the environment during movement are compared to the predicted signals that the forward model predictor predicts from the efference copy
  • if they match, the signal is interpreted as reafferent
  • if they do not match, it is interpreted as exafferent information
  • eg why external stimulation is more intense than self-produce
  • but anything that disrupts this comparison (rotation of robot, delay of stimulus) can create a mismatch again in signals
  • eg self produced force matching is inaccurate b/c you cancel out some of the feedback and have to create more force to feel it on your finger
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6
Q

internal forward model and action agency

A
  • ability to distinguish an action as self-produced based on comparison of afference to efference copy
  • eg schizophrenia patients have symptoms where they are not the agent of their own control
  • could be due to a. generating inadequate internal predictions or b. impaired comparison of predicted and actual
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7
Q

reafference principle/internal model at the single neuron level

A

recorded from vestibular afferents in monkeys

  • no difference b/t active and passive movements
  • vestibular signal not attenuated on the single neuron level during active movement
  • when recording from vestibular nuclei, there was a attenuation of the signal for head movements
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8
Q

vestibular signals during head movements

A

-active: vestibular signal is attenuated
passive head movement: codes for movement
-simultaneous passive and active movements: proprioception and vestibular afferent signal compared to reafference in vestibular nuclei
-active movement if vestibular attenuation, passive if no attenuation

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9
Q

how is an internal model updated for learning?

A
  • brain learns to expect unexpected signals
  • monkeys introduced to unexpected signal (causes error of attribution) over learning trials supressed the vestibular signal more and more
  • internal model is reclaibrated
  • after effect shown when unexpected signal removed
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10
Q

explain how the CNS determines whether a muscle is actively engaged in balance

A

it does if the efference copy of the motor command is congruent w/ the sensory signals

  • is a balance response when congruent
    a. active balancing vs. b. passive balancing where robot does for you
  • subject doesn’t know they aren’t actually balancing, so this is unconsciously controlled
  • when it’s passive movement, the signals are incongruent w/motor response (because of robot) so there’s no balance response
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11
Q

division 1 of visual streams

A

1st: what vs. where
what=inferior temporal, where=post. parietal
-distinction is based on stimulus features
-both based on conscious perception
-how the stimulus is processed is important

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12
Q

division 2 of visual streams

A
  • what vs. how
  • ventral (inferior temporal)=what, dorsal (post. parietal)=how
  • visual processing for online control of action
  • separate systems to serve visual perception and action
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13
Q

eg of same info different visual system

A
  • use info about shape and size to know it’s a remote
  • also to know how to pick it up and how to shape the hand to grasp it
  • what vs. how
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14
Q

blindsight

A

“seeing” what you can’t see

  • evidence in monkeys w/visual cortex lesion
  • they could still avoid objects and grasp objects and moving objects
  • ie this is mediated through subcortical pathways
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15
Q

dorsal vs. ventral streams

A

both streams go through the visual cortex, ventral goes to inferior occipitotemporal cortex and dorsal to post. parietal

  • ventral responsible for object recognition (textures, orientation, etc.)-conscious
  • dorsal responsible for spatial recognition (depth perception, location, on-line actions)
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16
Q

evidence for what/how division

A

patient DF-visual agnosia w/ventral stream damage

  • unable to recognize size and orientation of objects
  • but preserved dorsal stream
    posting: can’t accurately orient card for slot but can put it in the mail slot
  • can’t estimate size of objects by matching hand size but can go out and grab the object
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17
Q

Patient RV

A
  • damage to dorsal stream (PPC)
  • interrupted visuomotor processing for visually guided actions
  • optic ataxia-can’t reach for obects accurately
  • can recognize objects, can describe orientation of slot
  • cannot draw well b/c uses visual info , can’t put card in slot
  • grip aperture perception accurate, not accurate when picking up object
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18
Q

how are illusions used in visual systems studying

A
  • illusion fools perception but not grip aperture

- allows for distinguishing b/t memory based and real time control of actions

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19
Q

how are patients w/optic ataxia still able to accurately perform grasping movements?

A

evidence for real-time vs. memory based control: patients w/optic ataxia (dorsal stream damage) who are still able to perform accurate grasping movements based on memory and internal predictive model

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20
Q

hand eye coordination during movement

A
  • eye movement then initiation of reaching
  • proprioceptive and visual information used to calculate appropriate motor output and efference copy
  • error computed against efference copy to correct movement
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21
Q

double step paradigm

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A

target moved, then jumps again during eye movement

-takes advantage of saccadic supression to dissociate perception and action

22
Q

saccadic supression

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A

reduction in sensitivity to visual inflow during eye movements

  • affects only CONSCIOUS perception of target location
  • limb movements to correct error show correction (guided to dorsal visual stream)
23
Q

volitional vs. automatic control

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A
  • volitional relies on perceptual visual info
  • automatic uses visuomotor info largely unavailable to conscious perception
  • reaching vs. anti reaching movements
24
Q

parietal lobe and online control of reaching movements

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A

lesion and TMS leads to impairments in online corrections to mvmt jump

25
visual masking
=hiding a prime from conscious perception by displaying it briefly then replacing with mask - mask overrides previously stored sensory stimuli - prime produces compatibility effect on RT
26
address specific control
executive exerts control over each individual variable
27
univocal control
assumes one-to-one correspondence over motor command to output -same command=same output in different circumstances
28
bernstein's challenges
degrees of freedom -too many variables to control (even more considering muscles and motor units) -address specific control of MU's would be 1000s of DOF context conditioned variability -role of muscle changes based on limb position, body position, etc-univocal control not possible
29
solution to DOF problem
-functional constraints an motor units and muscle groups evidence -longer RT w/bimanual movements (would be the same if controlled independently) -during bimanual assymetric task, movements to close objects resemble the long ones (slower and synchronized velocity than expected) b/c limbs are functionally constrained -both flight paths of limbs affected by obstruction in one's path
30
coordinative structure
=functional linkage of mm that act of a single unit to minimize DOF for CNS during response programming -synchronation can interfere w/tasks that require different actions for each limb
31
self organization
system that shows organized behavior/patterns of behavior where nothing is dictating it
32
dynamical dystems
=system w/mutually interacting components and some kind of spatial or temporal definition that changes over time -tends toward equilibrium or attractor states
33
attractor state
state the system will move toward b/c of inherent stability | -system returns to this after perturbation through negative feedback loop
34
spring as example of attractor states
restoring force opposes the stretch/compression of the spring and moves it back to attractor state -damping force opposes velocity and moves in opposite direction to displacement (essentially friction)
35
von holsts rules of coordination
1. only a few patterns easily performed and are distinguised by stability 2. stable patterns are maintained until critical limiting condition is reached, then transition occurs 3. tend toward increasing stability
36
magnet effect and maintenance tendency
``` magnet effect (entrainment dynamics)-one part of system tends toward other to synchronize maintenance tendancy-each part of system has a preferred rhythm that the magnet effect pulls it out of ```
37
importance of transitions
- studied as functional adaptations based on their stability, metabolic cost, and interference - preferred (more stable) patterns will have lower metabolic cost - patterns are self-organizing: spinal cat can change pattern - lower metabolic cost of running/walking preferred
38
phase transition paradigm and pattern transitions
- in phase and out of phase are inherently stable and can be maintained at lower frequencies - as frequency increases, it becomes a limiting condition for antiphase and transition to more stable in phase happens
39
egocentric principle
holds for tasks involving same limb (homologous muscles) | -stability of pattern in in phase depends on symmetric activation of homologous muscles
40
allocentric principle
holds for tasks involving different limbs/people | -same direction of mvmt is more stable
41
HKB Model
models intrinsic dynamics of motor coordination - maps stability of the state as a function of relative phase - mathematical model predicts attractor states - stability is analogous to potential energy, current state's relative position is to attractor states - z=frequency of oscillation
42
evidence from HKB model
-constant error and variation decrease as relative phase approaches an attractor state
43
HKB model predictions and coordination
- HKB model predicts behavior will move toward one attractor state - some are stronger - spontaneous transition in ONE direction (hysteresis) - as parameters of the system change, the strength of the atrractor determines ability to stay in that pattern - staying in weaker attractor will lead to coordination breaking down and moving toward stronger attractor - critical fluctuations=variability increases as you approach a transition b/c attractor is weaker - critical slowing down: how long it takes to get back to a pattern depends on stability of pattern (longer for antiphase)
44
intention and dynamics landscape
- intention is a specific influence on a pattern - intrinsic pattern can be further stabalized by intention - you can attract dynamics toward the pattern you want to perform - -*coordination dynamics reflect intention interacting w/underlying intrinsic pattern
45
interaction b/t intention and intrinsic dynamics
- if intention is supported by intrinsic dynamics, the pattern will be helped along - others will be harder to accomplish - intending to stay in antiphase as frequency increases-->breakdown of pattern back to inphase or phase wander - ie intention and ability to carry out intention is very influenced by underlying intrinsic dynamics
46
learning and coordination dynamics
learning=developing new attractor state to learn new pattern of movement - requires modification of underlying landscape - error plot changes and new attractor state error starts high and reduces
47
scanning coordination landscape
establishes a person's intrinsic patterns - most people have seagull effect of in phase and antiphase attractor states - some people would have more
48
contingent negative variation
- slow wave during foreperiod - snesory motor association and expectancy (anticiptation) - early orienting wave, late expectancy motor prep related wave - amplitude decreases w/long foreperiod
49
readiness potential
-slow shift in cortical potential preceding a self initiated voluntary movement associated with volitional preparation of movement -earlyRP, late RP, and motor potential
50
LRP
- detects when on side is more active - portion of RP on one specific side - onset=response selection and polarity indicates activation of correct/incorrect hand
51
LRP fractioning
- pre-motoric processes occur b/t stim onset and LRP onset (stim identification and response selection) - motoric processes occur b/t LRP onset and EMG onset-final motor preparation/end of response selection
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