final study topics

Question 1

three basic ways in which government provides support for business

Answer 1

1. through laws, it defines and enforces appropriate business behavior
2. it provides both infrastructure as well as services so that business can successfully operate
3. it conducts research and creates innovation in areas that are too expensive for private business to do

Question 2

regulation

Answer 2

the process by which government requires, prohibits, or structures certain actions by private individuals and business

Question 3

reasons for regulation (6)

Answer 3

1. protect competition and prevent monopolies
2. supervise permitted monopolies
3. protect the consumers (the public)
4. prevent significant negative aspects of business
5. protect employees
6. promote sustained economic growth

Question 4

two ways regulations are adopted

Answer 4

1. laws- when elected officials formally vote on a new regulation
2. administrative “rule making”- when administrators create regulations themselves, based on and consistent with laws already approved by elected officials

Question 5

monopoly

Answer 5

the exclusive control of the supply or trade of a particular commodity or service

Question 6

rule-making (3)

Answer 6

1. mostly occurs at the federal or state level due to the large number and complexity of needed regulations
2. it is necessary and beneficial in order to appropriately address all the circumstances and details in business regulation
3. however, administrative rule-making can create regulations that are very different than what the elected officials originally intended

Question 7

implementation

Answer 7

the process of applying public policy to target populations and situations and achieving its objectives

Question 8

what does successful implementation do?

Answer 8

it proves a policy’s quality and practicality

Question 9

three levels of implementation

Answer 9

1. output- immediate service or product provided by a policy. It is obvious to everyone and there is little disagreement
2. outcome- the intermediate range result of the policy. It is not always visible and some may disagree that it has even occurred, even though there is evidence of its success
3. impact- the long term results of the policy. It usually requires combining with other successful policies or programs in order to occur and is subject to significant disagreement or opinion as to its success

Question 10

six requirements for successful implementation

Answer 10

1. clear design of policy objectives and tools to fulfill them
2. sufficient resources: money, skills, information, time, facilities, and technology
3. committed and competent leadership and management
4. organization of partners to fulfill shared objectives
5. political, economic, social and legal support for the objectives and tools
6. evaluation to learn from success and failure- in order to improve

Question 11

without proper implementation:

Answer 11

a policy or program cannot succeed

Question 12

federal government performance and results act of 1993 and 2010

Answer 12

a law which requires evaluation and feedback into federal government decision making, based on observed results

Question 13

four basic areas of accountability for public administrators

Answer 13

1. delivery of goods and services efficiently and effectively
2. meet citizens needs and demands fairly, promptly and with respect
3. be honest, without fraud, conflicts of interest or abuse of power
4. use public’s money properly

Question 14

four means of government accountability

Answer 14

1. internal-formal means: organizational supervision, rules, policies and procedures, including discipline
2. internal-informal means: officials personal ethics, professional standards, “whistle blowers”
3. external-formal means: legislative oversight, outside investigations and judicial review, audits, budget review by outside parties, elections
4. external-informal means: monitoring by private interest groups, media, general public

Question 15

whistle-blowing

Answer 15

providing information in an internal violation of law, fraud, waste, abuse of authority or danger to the public health

Question 16

conflict of interest

Answer 16

acting in an issue that may result in personal financial interest to themselves or close associates or family members. Law requires financial disclosures of all personal interest

Question 17

US freedom of information act

Answer 17

requires government to provide non-confidential documents, in writing, to anyone who requests it . Includes internal memos, emails, and even texts

Question 18

California Brown Act

Answer 18

guarantees the public’s right to attend and participate in meetings of local legislative bodies

Question 19

California political reform act

Answer 19

regulates officials activities, conflict of interest, political funds

Question 20

why government partnerships?

Answer 20

cost savings
greater efficiencies
address issues that involve more than one agency

Question 21

joint powers agreement

Answer 21

when two or more agencies agree to mutually provide a service or manage an issue

Question 22

joint service agreement

Answer 22

when two or more agencies agree to mutually provide a service

Question 23

management

Answer 23

operating an organization according to the current rules and regulations at maximum efficiency

Question 24

leadership

Answer 24

a process of social influence which maximizes the efforts of others towards the achievement of a goal

Question 25

leadership has nothing to do with

Answer 25

seniority or one's position in the hierarchy of a company, titles, or having a particular personality type

Question 26

leadership stems from

Answer 26

social influence, not authority or power

Question 27

leadership includes a

Answer 27

goal, not just simply influence with no intended result

Question 28

policy cycle

Answer 28

1. setting agendas 2. defining problems 3. setting objectives 4. discerning alternatives 5. assessing alternatives 6. choosing alternatives 7. implementing the policy 8. monitoring and evaluating

Question 29

rational decision making model

Answer 29

add

Question 30

incremental decision making model

Answer 30

add

Question 31

principles of reinventing government

Answer 31

1. emphasize results rather than process 2. simplify rules and empower administrators to use best judgment 3. empower employees to have greater say in organization 4. use "market style" competition to get the best services at the lowest cost 5. prevent problems through foresight 6. focus on the needs of customers/ citizens rather than the needs of the organization 7. empower citizens to get involved and be a part of decisions/ solutions 8. seek continuous innovation and improvement