which nerve supplies levator ani
pudendal
how does perineal body maintain pelvic organ support
central point attachment of perineal musculature
risk factors for pelvic organ prolapse
- vaginal delivery
- heavy lifting occupation
- previous gynae surgery
- menopause (dec oestrogen)
why can vaginal delivery cause pelvic floor dysfunction
- damage to pelvic floor muscles
- injury to perineal body
- stretching pudendal nerve
- damage ligamentous support of musculature
normal sperm count young man
20-200x10^6ml-1
normal range of volume of ejaculate
2-4ml
spermatogenesis
formation of spermatids from spermatogonia in seminiferous tubules
spermiogenesis
spermatid to spermatozoa > final maturation in spermatogenesis
seminiferous tubules
testes
LH / FSH which cell
LH- leydig cell
FSH- sertoli
which cells drive differentiation of gonad to form testes
derived from?
primordial germ cells
derived from yolk sac
risk factors for CIN
- inc risk HPv exposure
- smoking
- immunosuppressed
- multiple births
- early first pregnancy
- low socio economic class
relevance of transformation zone of cervix
area most likely to become cancerous
located at external os of cervix
lymphatic drainage of cervic
superior portion- internal iliac
inferior - sacral nodes
which cells secrete hCG
syncytiotrophoblast
histological changes of placenta from 1st and 3rd trimester
- thinning of syncytiotrophoblast layer
- dissapearance of cytotrophoblast layer
- thinning of placenta barrier
receptor transport mechanism of antibodies crossing into plasma
receptor mediated endocytosis
why anaemia develop during 2nd trimester preg
expansion of plasma vol is greater than inc in RBC mass . dilution anaemia of pregnancy
gonadal dysgenesis
ovaries not formed adequately. non functioning.
oestrogen dec. fsh high
