geo Flashcards by Paul B

types of plate boundaries

divergent - constructive
convergent - destructive
transform - conservative

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covergent plate boundaries are associated with what formation?

volcanos

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what forms when two continents collide stopping subduction?

large mountain ranges (himalyaas )

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rates of spreading for mid atlantic ridge and east pacific rise

2cm/year atlantic
10 / year east pac rise

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ionic bonding is a bond formed by ___________ attraction , resulting in __________ transfer of one or more electrons

electrostatic
permanent

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what type of bonds shares electrons to complete valence shells

covalent

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when magma is emplaced or extruded onto the surface and begins to cool what occurs?

crystallization of minerals

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calcite is an example of crystallization via ____________

precipitation

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calcite is often precipitated by organisms , what two things is it called

a polymorph same mineral diff structure

argonite

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sicila forms a __________ with a charge of ________

tetrahedron
-4

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what mineral in the silicate family has single silica tetrahedra?

olivine family

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what silica mineral has single chain silica tetrahedra covalently bonded at its corners?

pyroxzine fmaily

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the __________ family are two pyroxene
chains that connect together by
sharing a third oxygen on each
tetrahedra

amphibole family

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what are the two most abundant framework silicates -

quartz
feldspar

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what type of silicate is when all four corners are shared with adjacent tetrahedra?

frame work silicates

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name two well known non silicates commonly found in sedimentary rocks and the name of the group

carbonates
dolomite and calcite

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whats are non silicates that forms when two oxygen atoms covalently bond with a metal?

oxides
most common - rust

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halides for __________

halogens
table salt sodium choride

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important metal ores are __________

sulfides
galena - source of lead
sapherite - source of zinc

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sulfates contain a sulfate ion bonded to a _______ ion

metal
gypsum

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phosphates contain a __________ phoshate unit

tetrahedral
well known apatite
one that contains water torquise

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name two types of luster galena can have

metallic
submetallic

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quartz has a ________ luster

virteous / glassy

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koalin has a _______ luster

dull mudlike clay

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gypsum has a _________ luster

silky

mica has a _______ luster

pearly

Sphalerite has a ________ luster

submetallic

minerals harder than a strike plate will ______ show streak

not

what crystal habit has long and flat crystals

bladed

blobby circular crystals like in malachite are

Botryoidal

crystals that are small and coat surfaces are

Coating/laminae/druse

cube shaped crystals like calcite and galena are calle

cubic

12 sided polygon shape like in garnet is

dodecehedral

branching crystals like in copper are

dendritic

crystals that do not have a long direction like olivine are

Equant

very long thin crystals are called

fibrous

crystals like muscovita mica and biotite are calle

layered

plate like crystals like selenite rose are calle

Lenticular/platy

crystal with six sides are called

hexagonal

crystals with no obvious shape are calle

Massive/granular

four sided crystals like flourite are

octohedral

Very long, cylindrical crystals

prismatic / columnar

calcite and dolomite are what form

rhombohedral

Sharp-sided crystals with no long direction

Tabular/blocky/stubby

3 sided crystals

tetrahedral

magma is ________ the earths surface and _________ is on the surface

under lava

airborne lava is calle what

pyroclastic material

coarse crystals * Deep intrusive environments * Slow cooling * Crystals have a long time to grow.

phanartic texture

phanartic silicia contents 66-72 = 52-66 = 45- 52 =

felsic - granite intermediate - diorite mafic - gabbro

small crystals, not easily visible. * Extrusive or shallow intrusive environments * Rapid cooling * Crystals do not have time to grow large

Aphanitic texture

anphanitic texture types felsic - intermediate - mafic -

rhyolite andosite basalt

flow rates and viscoity balsalt = andesite - rhyolite -

fast flow low visocity more viscous slow flow so viscous lava will pile up creating a dome shape

what type of texture indicates two stage cooling

Porphyritic texture

solid glass or glass shards. Extrusive environment - Very rapid cooling High concentration of silica Crystals do not have time to grow

glassy texture obsidian scoria pumice

Fragments of violent eruptions

tuff volcanic brecia pyroclastic texture

Extrusive environment unusually large crystals from water-rich melts -> crystals to grow faster Many unusual minerals are found in pegmatites, such as gem minerals, enriched in other rare elements (Li, Be

Pegmatite texture - Extremely coarse crystals, often found in dikes.

bowens reaction series as temps decline whats the order of minerals that solidify

olivine pyroxene amphibole biotite potassium feldspar muscovite mica quartz

bowens reaction series rock type as temp decreases intrusive extrusive

ultramafic - perodotite mafic - gabbro - basalt intermediate diorite - andesite felsic - granite - rhyolite

changing a magmas composition through by the incorporation of surrounding rock bodies into a magma

assimilation and mixing

An underground igneous body, once cooled and solidified, is called a________

pluton

many plutons combined

batholith

a tabular, discordant pluton (cuts across sedimentary rock is called a

dike

sill

magma squeezed between sedimentrary strata and cools

bloated sill that forms a hill at the surface - magma lifts up layers of sedimentary strata.

lacolith

four areas of igneous activity are

Volcanic arcs bordering deep ocean trenches * Isolated hot spots * Continental rifts * Mid-ocean ridges

oceanic hot spots are mostly ________ magma and continental mostly mafic and felsic ________ and __________

basalt and rhyolite

rifting ______ lithosphere causing __________ melting of ______ rock

thins decompression mafic

most igneous activity takes plave at _______________

mid ocean ridges

large volcanoes (up to 4 km high and 25 km across) relatively steep slopes and is built up from alternating layers of lava, tephra, and debris.

stratovolcano

extremely thick lava flow that piles up to form a dome shape.

lava domes

Form when the lava has low viscosity and can’t build into a mound at the vent, but rather flow easily and spread out as thin sheets over large areas.

sheild volcanos

Have distinctive, steep, and straight sides with a crater at the top of the cone shaped hill and a central vent. * Smallest type of volcanoes (~ hundred meter high) * Gas charged eruptions produce molten lava and solid pyroclastic fragments into atmosphere, which accumulate around the vents as a large pile of tephra.

cinder volcanos

_______________eruptions generally occur when source magma is: –______ in silica (felsic-intermediate), –______ temp, –______ in volatiles Calderas – Ash clouds and ash flows

explosive high low high

_______________eruptions generally occur when source magma is: *______ in silica (mafic) *_____ temp *____ in volatiles * These volcanoes form * Shield and cinder cones, * Fluid lava flows, * Fire fountains, lava tubes

effusive low high low

—a Hawaiian word describing basalt with a glassy, ropy texture. * ___________ forms when extremely hot basalt forms a skin. * With flow, the skin is rolled into ropy ridges and furrows

Pahoehoe (pa-hoy-hoy)

_____________is a Hawaiian word describing basalt that solidifies with a jagged, sharp, angular texture

A a (ah-ah)

inner core has dense ________ rich ________ outer core has dense ________ rich _________ uppper and lower mantle are ________ but _________ slowly

iron metal iron liquid solid flow

lithosphere includes the __________ and part of the ________

crust mantle

the ___________ is part of the upper mantle , is _________ to ________ weakness allows lithosphere to _______ and _________

athenosphere solid to paritally melted detach and move

oceanic crust is ________, _________, and _________

dense thin 5-10km thick young , > 200 million years old

continental crust is ________ dense ,__________ and can be _________

less 30-70km thick ancient up to 4 billion years old

These plates overly the weaker region in the mantle known as the _______________

athensphere

convction in the ___________- Drives motions of the Earth’s lithosphere

mantle

Convection in the ___________ Circulating metallic iron-rich liquid generates the Earth’s magnetic field

outer core

Possible to determine rates of sea-floor spreading: * Mid-Atlantic Ridge ~ ________ * East Pacific Rise ~ ________

2cm/yr 10cm/yr

Faster spreading = _______ stripes * Slower spreading = _______ stripes

wide narrow

example of volcanic arcs found at convergent bounaries

Japan, Aleutian islands

name a transform plate boundary

san andreas fault

Oceanic lithosphere/continental lithosphere convergent boundary

(e.g., Andes, Cascades)

Oceanic lithosphere-oceanic lithosphere convergent boundary

Japan, Aleutian islands

example of lithosphere lithosphere convergent plate boundary?

himalayas

geo Flashcards

(91 cards)