Geri Final Flashcards by Richie S

With the Programmed Theories of Aging, what is Programmed Longevity?

Aging is the result of a sequential switching “on” and
“off” of certain genes, with senescence being defined as the time when age-associated deficits are manifested

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With the Programmed Theories of Aging, what is Endocrine Theory?

Biological clocks act through hormones to control the pace
of aging. Recent studies of aging confirm that aging is hormonally regulated

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With the Programmed Theories of Aging, what is Immunological Theory?

The immune system is programmed to decline over
time, which leads to an increased vulnerability to infectious disease, and thus aging and death.

We do have scientific evidence that the immune system peaks
at puberty and then declines. We do not know if this the primary reason for aging.

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With the Damage or Error Theories of Aging, what is Wear and Tear Theory?

Cells and tissues have vital parts that wear out resulting
in aging. Like the components of an aging car, parts of the body wear out from repeated use, killing them and then the body.

The “Wear and Tear” theory was first introduced by a German
biologist in 1880’s. Today, we do see that there is definitely wear and tear going on, especially as Physical Therapists (Example: Osteoarthritis)

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With the Damage or Error Theories of Aging, what is Rate of Living Theory?

The greater an organism’s rate of oxygen basal
metabolism, the shorter its lifespan.

While it is helpful to understand, it is not completely adequate
to explain the lifespan

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With the Damage or Error Theories of Aging, what is Cross-Linking Theory?

An accumulation of cross-linked proteins damages cells
and tissues, slowing down bodily processes, resulting in aging

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With the Damage or Error Theories of Aging, what is Free Radical Theory?

Proposes that super oxide and other free radicals cause
damage to the macro-molecular components of the cell, giving rise to accumulated damage causing cells – and eventually organs- to stop functioning

This theory was initially supported by experiments in which
they fed rats anti-oxidants and then the rats lived longer

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With the Damage or Error Theories of Aging, what is Somatic DNA Damage Theory?

Genetic mutations occur and accumulate with increasing age, causing cells to deteriorate and malfunction

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With the Slope of Aging, what is Frailty?

A syndrome consisting of 3 or more of the following S/S:

Weakness in grip strength
Slow walking speed
Low physical activity
Unintentional weight loss (10lbs in past year)
Self-reported exhaustion

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What is the name of this visual impairment?

Diabetic Retinopathy

A diabetes complication damaging retina blood vessels, causing them to leak, swell, or grow abnormally, leading to vision loss, floaters, or blindness, especially if blood sugar isn’t controlled

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What is the name of this visual impairment?

Macular Degeneration

Macular degeneration affects your macula, the central part of your retina. Your retina is in the back of your eye and controls central vision. People with macular degeneration aren’t completely blind. Their peripheral vision is fine

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What is the name of this visual impairment?

Cataracts

Cataracts are a common clouding of the eye’s lens, causing blurry vision, faded colors, glare, and difficulty seeing at night, often developing slowly with age but also linked to diabetes, smoking, injury, or steroids

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What is the name of this visual impairment?

Glaucoma

Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases damaging the optic nerve, often due to increased fluid pressure inside the eye, leading to irreversible vision loss, usually starting with peripheral (side) vision, and can cause blindness if untreated

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With Memory changes that occurs with aging, what is the difference between Short Term Memory, Long Term Memory, Semantic Memory, and Procedural Memory?

Short-term memory temporarily holds information you learned for a few seconds to minutes
Long-term memory is a nearly permanent storage space for learned information and experiences. It can hold memories for years. Long-term memory moves short-term memories to this larger space
Semantic memory is a type of long-term memory that stores general knowledge, concepts, facts, and meanings of words, allowing for the understanding and comprehension of language, as well as the retrieval of general knowledge about the world
Procedural memory is a long-term memory category involving recollections of which a person has no direct conscious awareness. It can only be demonstrated indirectly through motor action, for example, how to swim or ride a bicycle

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What is the difference between Sustained Attention and Selective Attention?

Selective attention refers to the cognitive process by which individuals focus on specific stimuli while ignoring others, based on personal relevance or interest
Sustained attention is the crucial ability to maintain focus on a specific task or stimulus for an extended time, filtering out distractions and resisting mental fatigue to perform tasks requiring continuous mental effort, like studying, driving, or complex problem-solving

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What is the difference between Crystalized Intelligence and Fluid Intelligence?

Crystallized intelligence is your accumulated knowledge, facts, skills, and experience gained over your lifetime, relying on long-term memory
Fluid intelligence is the ability to think abstractly, reason quickly, solve novel problems, and identify patterns, independent of prior knowledge

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What is the Diagnostic Critera for Delirium?

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What are the Risk Factors for Delirium?

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What are some Treatment Considerations for Delirium?

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What are some Risk Factors for Depression?

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What is the Diagnostic Criteria for Depression?

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What does the Geriatric Depression Scale assess (GDS)? What is Normal, Mild Depressive, Severe Depressive?

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This assesses depression and suicide ideation in elderly

Normal: 0 - 9
Mild Depressive: 10 -19
Severe Depressive: 20 - 30

For the GDS-15 (Short form), a score of > 5 points is suggetive of depression

What are Treatment considerations for Depression?

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What is Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)?

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This is symptomatic pre-dementia stage

With this we use MoCA, MMSE, Mini-cog to screen

What is the Mini-Cognitive Assessment Instrument (Mini-cog)? What score is (+) and (-)?

- A brief screening tool to differentiate pts with dementia from those without *Combines a 3-item recall test wit a clock-drawing test (CDT) that serves as a recall distractor* - (+) for dementia is a score of 0-2 - (-) for dementa is a score of 3-5

What is the Montreal Congnitive Assessment (MoCA)? What score is (+) and (-)?

This is used to identify individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment - A total possible score is 30 points; A score of 26 or above is considered normal - This will be better at catching all clients with cognitive impairment because its higher sensitivity

What is the Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE)? What score is (+) and (-)?

This provides a quantative assessment of cognitive impairment and records cognitive changes over time - A Max score of 30, a score of 23 or lower is indicative of cognitive impairment - Requires purchase - This will be better at ruling out cognitive impairment because of its higher specificity

What is the Saint Louis University Mental Status (SLUMS)? What score is (+) and (-)?

Used to identify persons who have dementia or mild neurocognitive impairment - Max score of 30 points - Cutoff scores for dementia are based on the education levels of the patient - May have fewer ceiling effects than the MMSE

What is the Treatment of Mild Cognitive Impairment?

What are the Risk Factors for Vascular Dementia?

What is the Diagnostic Criteria for Vascular Dementia?

What are the Risk Factors for Alzheimer's Disease?

What is the Diagnostic Criteria for Alzheimer Disease?

What are the Treatment Considerations for Dementia?

What factors increase the Risk of Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) in Older Adults?

What is Beer's List/Criteria?

A list of potential inappropriate medications for adults

What are the 4 levels of Hospice?

What is the Difference between Hospice and Pallitive Care?

- Palliative care offers **symptom relief and support** for any serious illness, at any stage, **alongside curative treatment** -Hospice is specialized, **comfort-focused care for the final six months of life, when curative treatments stop**

What are Advanced Directives?

Advance directives, whether oral or written, advisory or a formal statutory document, are tools that give patients of all ages and health status the opportunity to express their values, goals for care, and treatment preferences to guide future decisions about health care. - Advance directives also allow patients to identify whom they want to make decisions on their behalf when they cannot do so themselves.

What is Power Of Attorney?

A power of attorney is a legal document that allows someone else to act on your behalf. - A power of attorney can be helpful to older people and others who want to choose a trusted person to act on their behalf when they cannot. You can plan ahead by creating a power of attorney to appoint a substitute decision-maker, also called an agent

What is the Cut-off score for the Berg (BBS)?

< 45

What is the Cut-off score for the DGI?

< 19

What is Graves Disease? What are the S/S?

- Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland, causing it to produce too much thyroid hormone, a condition called hyperthyroidism. - Symptoms stem from this overactive metabolism, including anxiety, weight loss, rapid heartbeat, heat intolerance, fatigue, tremors, and sometimes bulging eyes

What is Vitamin B12 Deficiency?

Vitamin B12 deficiency, sometimes called cobalamin deficiency, happens when your body is either not getting enough or not absorbing enough vitamin B12 from the foods you eat. - Vitamin B12 is an important nutrient that helps your body make red blood cells and DNA, the genetic material in all of your cells. It’s essential to how your body functions

What is Vitamin D Deficiency?

Vitamin D deficiency means you don’t have enough vitamin D in your body. It primarily causes issues with your bones and muscles.

What is Hyperlipidemia?

Hyperlipidemia is having too many fats (lipids like cholesterol and triglycerides) in your blood, a major risk factor for heart attacks and strokes because these fats build up in arteries, making them narrow.

What is the Cut off score for Fall Efficacy?

FES-I scores > 23 and short version scores > 10 indicate high concern for falling

What is the Four-Square Step Test?

The four-square step test (4SST) is a clinical test of stepping and change of direction to identify multiple falling incidents in older adults. The test requires the individual to step forward, backward, and sideways from right to left while using step clearance.

What is the Cutoff for the Four Squre Step Test?

- A score of ≥ 15 seconds indicates risk for multiple falls. - A cutoff score of > 12 identified individuals with vestibular disorders who had one or more risk factors for falls. - In individuals with unilateral transtibial amputation, a cutoff score of 24 seconds indicated a risk for multiple falls

What is the cut off score for the TUG?

- For ages 60-69 for both men and women: 8s - For ages 70-79 for both men and women: 9s - For ages 80-94 for men 10 sec; for women 11 sec

Geri Final Flashcards

(50 cards)