Global Development Flashcards

Question

Factor's affect the UK's Development

Answer 1

Economic: The UK's development is driven by its dominant services sector, including finance and technology, with London as a global hub attracting significant foreign investment. However, regional inequalities persist, with London's GDP per capita far exceeding poorer regions like Wales. Social Factors: The UK scores high on human development (HDI 0.93) due to quality education and healthcare, but faces stark disparities: child poverty, and life expectancy varies by 11 years between wealthy and deprived areas. An aging population strains public services. Environmental Factors: While the UK pioneers climate goals, air pollution causes 40,000 annual deaths, and coastal flooding risks threaten vulnerable communities.

Answer 2

The North-South divide refers to the stark economic, social, and infrastructural disparities between the wealthier South of England and the historically underdeveloped North of England.

Answer 3

Multilateral Aid Definition: Aid given by donor countries or organizations through international institutions (e.g., UN, World Bank, IMF) that pool resources for global development. Bilateral Aid Definition: Aid sent directly from one country to another, often with strings attached (e.g., trade deals, political alliances). Multilateral works best for complex global issues. Bilateral suits targeted projects.

Answer 4

NGOs reduce uneven development by providing education, healthcare, economic empowerment, policy advocacy, support for marginalized groups, and environmental sustainability programs in underserved regions.

Answer 5

Uneven development refers to the unequal distribution of resources, wealth, infrastructure, and opportunities between regions, countries, or groups, leading to disparities in living standards, economic growth, and access to services like healthcare and education.

Answer 6

Inequality refers to unequal access to resources, opportunities, and rights among individuals or groups, leading to disparities in wealth, power, education, healthcare, and quality of life.

Answer 7

Poverty is a state of severe deprivation where individuals or communities lack the financial resources, basic needs, or opportunities required for a minimum standard of living.

Answer 8

Definition: Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) occurs when a company or individual invests directly in businesses or infrastructure in another country, either by: -Establishing new operations -Acquiring/merging with local firms Key Features: -Long-term investment (not short-term stock purchases). -Brings capital, jobs, technology, and skills to the host country.

Answer 9

❌ Exploitation: Low wages/poor conditions ❌ Dependency: Overreliance on foreign firms ❌ Profit Repatriation: Companies may send profits abroad instead of reinvesting locally.

Answer 10

A. Boosting Economic Growth B. Transferring Technology & Skills C. Improving Infrastructure D. Diversifying Economies E. Reducing Regional Disparities

Answer 11

Definition: Trade is the exchange of goods, services, and capital between countries or regions, driven by comparative advantage (producing what a country is most efficient at). Types of Trade: Exports (goods sold abroad). Imports (goods bought from abroad).

Answer 12

A. Stimulating Economic Growth B. Encouraging Specialization & Efficiency C. Funding Development via Export Earnings

Answer 13

Fairtrade is a certification system that ensures farmers and workers in developing countries receive fair prices, better wages, and safer working conditions for their products. Key Principles: ✔ Fair Prices – Minimum price guarantees. ✔ Fair Labor – No child labor, safe workplaces, gender equality. ✔ Community Premiums – Extra $$ for schools, healthcare, and local projects. ✔ Environmental Standards – Bans harmful pesticides, promotes organic farming.

Answer 14

A. Economic Empowerment: Stable incomes for small farmers Breaks exploitative cycles of middlemen who underpay producers. B. Social Improvements: Funds schools/clinics via Fairtrade premiums Supports gender equality C. Environmental Sustainability: Teaches eco-friendly farming Combats deforestation D. Market Access for Marginalized Producers

Answer 15

❌ Limited Scale: <1% of global trade is Fairtrade-certified. ❌ Consumer Costs: Fairtrade products are pricier, limiting demand. ❌ Certification Barriers: Small farms struggle with fees/paperwork.

Answer 16

Debt relief refers to the partial or total cancellation of debts owed by countries (usually low-income nations) to creditors like foreign governments, international organizations (IMF, World Bank), or private lenders. It aims to reduce financial burdens and free up resources for development.

Answer 17

A.Frees Up Government Spending: Redirects funds from debt repayments to healthcare, education, and infrastructure. B.Stimulates Economic Growth: Countries avoid austerity cuts C.Prevents Humanitarian Crises: Post-conflict nations rebuild without crushing debt.

Answer 18

Remittances are money or goods sent by migrants to their families or communities in their home countries, typically across borders. They are a vital financial lifeline for many developing nations.

Answer 19

Poverty Reduction: Directly boosts household incomes Helps families afford food, healthcare, and education Stimulates Local Economies: Recipients spend on local businesses Improves Human Capital: Funds education Reduces child labor

Answer 20

Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) is an economic concept that adjusts currencies to reflect the real cost of living in different countries. It helps compare economic data (like GDP or incomes) more accurately by accounting for price differences. Limitations: ❌ Ignores Quality Differences: A $2 phone in India ≠ an iPhone. ❌ Regional Price Gaps: Urban vs. rural costs vary widely. ❌ Non-Traded Goods: Services (like haircuts) can’t be exported.

Answer 21

Definition: Large-scale, government or corporate-led projects planned by central authorities to drive economic growth. Focuses on macro-level infrastructure and industrialization. Characteristics: Led by national governments, international agencies, or big businesses. Capital-intensive. Aims for rapid GDP growth and modernization.

Answer 22

Pros: ✔ Fast results for national economies. ✔ Can attract foreign investment. Cons: ❌ Often ignores local needs (e.g., farmers displaced by dams). ❌ Corruption risks (e.g., funds siphoned by elites).

Answer 23

Definition: Small-scale, community-driven initiatives that empower local people to solve their own problems. Focuses on human needs and sustainability. Characteristics: Led by NGOs, local cooperatives, or grassroots movements. Labor-intensive (e.g., microloans, village schools). Aims for poverty reduction and social equity.

Answer 24

Pros: ✔ More inclusive (women, minorities participate). ✔ Sustainable (locals maintain projects). Cons: ❌ Slow progress (hard to scale nationally). ❌ Funding gaps (relies on donations/NGOs).

Answer 25

1. Historical Industrial Legacy Post-Industrial Decline: Regions that were once industrial powerhouses (e.g., Manchester, Glasgow, South Wales) suffered economic downturns due to deindustrialization in the late 20th century, leading to job losses and deprivation. London’s Financial Dominance: The shift from manufacturing to a service-based economy benefited London and the Southeast, while former industrial areas struggled to adapt. 2. Government Investment & Policy (Core-Periphery Divide) London-Centric Growth: Government policies and private investments have historically favored London and the Southeast, reinforcing a "North-South divide." Devolution & Regional Funding: Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland now have devolved governments, leading to different policy priorities (e.g., Scotland’s focus on renewable energy). However, some regions still lack sufficient investment. 3. Infrastructure & Transport Links Strong Transport in the Southeast: London’s Crossrail, Heathrow expansion, and high-speed rail links boost economic activity. Underinvestment in the North: Poor transport infrastructure (e.g., delayed Northern Powerhouse Rail) limits business growth in cities like Leeds and Bradford. 4. Education & Skills Gap London & the Southeast have higher concentrations of top universities (e.g., Oxford, Cambridge) and skilled workers, attracting high-value industries. Post-Industrial Regions face brain drain, where skilled workers migrate to wealthier areas, exacerbating economic stagnation. 5. Globalisation & Foreign Investment London as a Global Hub: Attracts foreign direct investment (FDI) in finance, tech, and startups. Neglected Regions: Struggle to compete, though some cities (e.g., Manchester, Birmingham) are now seeing tech and green energy investments. 6. Brexit’s Uneven Impact London’s finance sector faced challenges, but other regions (e.g., fishing towns, manufacturing hubs) were hit harder by trade barriers and labour shortages. 7. Housing Market Variations London’s Housing Crisis: High prices push workers out, increasing demand in nearby towns. Affordable but Deprived Areas: Low property prices in former industrial towns do not always translate to economic revival. 8. Environmental & Geographical Constraints Rural & Upland Areas (e.g., Scottish Highlands, Welsh valleys) face limited infrastructure and job opportunities due to difficult terrain. Coastal Towns (e.g., Blackpool) suffer from seasonal economies and underinvestment.

Answer 26

1. Climate & Agriculture Favorable climates (e.g., temperate zones with reliable rainfall) support productive farming, boosting food security and exports (e.g., U.S. Midwest, European plains). Harsh climates (e.g., deserts, Arctic tundra) limit agriculture, forcing reliance on imports (e.g., Saudi Arabia, Namibia). Tropical regions face challenges like soil leaching and pests, reducing crop yields (e.g., Congo Basin). 2. Geography & Trade Coastal locations (e.g., Singapore, Netherlands) thrive due to maritime trade, while landlocked countries (e.g., Bolivia, Chad) face higher transport costs, hindering growth. Mountainous terrain (e.g., Nepal, Bhutan) complicates road and rail construction, isolating communities. 3. Natural Resources Fossil fuels and minerals (e.g., oil in Saudi Arabia, copper in Chile) can drive wealth but risk "resource curse" (e.g., corruption, inequality in Nigeria). Lack of resources forces dependence on imports (e.g., Japan’s energy needs). 4. Natural Hazards Earthquakes, hurricanes, and floods (e.g., Haiti, Bangladesh) destroy infrastructure, diverting funds from development to reconstruction. Stable regions (e.g., Canada, Australia) face fewer disruptions, aiding long-term growth. 5. Water Availability Water-scarce regions (e.g., Middle East) spend heavily on desalination, while water-rich nations (e.g., Brazil) benefit from hydropower and irrigation.

Global Development Flashcards

(50 cards)