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HMS Anatomy > Head and Neck > Flashcards

Head and Neck Flashcards

1
Q

The pituitary gland lives in the ___.

A

The pituitary gland lives in the sphenoid bone.

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2
Q

The facial muscles attach with one end to ____ and the other end to ____.

A

The facial muscles attach with one end to bone and the other end to skin directly.

This is what makes them able to create such detailed facial expressions. As a consequence, the muscles themselves actually live in the subcutaneous fat, making them prone to injury.

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3
Q

The ___ nerve controls facial movement. The ___ nerve controls facial sensation.

A

The facial nerve (CNVII) nerve controls facial movement. The trigeminal nerve (CNV) nerve controls facial sensation.

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4
Q

The middle ear and eustachain tube are lined by . . .

A

. . . respiratory epithelium! The same as the nasopharynx. This enables the eustachian tube to create a mucocilliary escalator pushing debris down into the throat.

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5
Q

Bones of the anterior skull

A
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6
Q

Bones of the lateral skull

A
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7
Q

The ___ bone supports the base of the cranium while providing ports for innervation of facial structures.

A

The sphenoid bone supports the base of the cranium while providing ports for innervation of facial structures.

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8
Q

View of cranial bony floor from above

A
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9
Q

The optic nerve passes outside of the skull via ___.

A

The optic nerve passes outside of the skull via the orbital canal of the sphenoid bone.

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10
Q

The olfactory nerve endings pass outside of the skull via ____.

A

The olfactory nerve endings pass outside of the skull via the cribriform plate, resting just below the olfactory bulb.

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11
Q

The occulomotor, trochlear, and abduscens nerves pass outside of the skull via ____.

A

The occulomotor, trochlear, and abduscens nerves pass outside of the skull via the superior orbital fissure of the sphenoid bone.

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12
Q

Three divisions of trigeminal nerve (CNV)

A

V1: ophthalmic division (sense of touch)

V2: maxillary division (sense of touch)

V3: mandibular division (sense of touch, taste, and motor innervation of the muscles of mastication)

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13
Q

Pathway of trigeminal nerve

A
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14
Q

Pathway of ocular motor nerves

A
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15
Q

The ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve passes outside of the skull via ____.

A

The ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve passes outside of the skull via the superior orbital fissure of the sphenoid bone (same as the oculomotor nerves, which makes sense since the ophthalmic nerve upplies sensation to the same region) then out the supraorbital foramen of the frontal bone.

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16
Q

The maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve passes outside of the skull via ____.

A

The maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve passes outside of the skull via the foramen rotundum of the sphenoid bone and out the infraorbital foramen of the maxillary bone.

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17
Q

The mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve passes outside of the skull via ____.

A

The mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve passes outside of the skull via the foramen ovale of the sphenoid bone then out the mental foramen of the mandible.

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18
Q

Trigeminal nerve routes - saggital slice of eye

A
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19
Q

Foramenae of the anterior skull

A
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20
Q

The mental foramen is aligned with the ____.

A

The mental foramen is aligned with the canine tooth.

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21
Q

Cranial nerves ___ extend through foramena within the posterior cranial fossa.

A

Cranial nerves VII to XII extend through foramena within the posterior cranial fossa.

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22
Q

Branches of the facial nerve

A
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23
Q

Facial nerve / hand analogy

A
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24
Q

The ___ nerve conveys two vital senses.

A

The vestibulocochlear (CN VIII) nerve conveys two vital senses.

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25
Q

Varied roles of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CNIX)

A
  • Conveys taste to back 3rd of tongue
  • Conveys motion to stylopharyngeus
  • Conveys sensation to tongue, pharynx, and eustachian tube
  • Conveys important visceral signals to internal carotid artery
  • Conveys parasympathetic innervation to oral mucosa and salivary glands
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26
Q

The ____ nerve controls voice.

A

The vagus (CNX) nerve controls voice.

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27
Q

The facial nerve passes outside of the skull via ____.

A

The facial nerve passes outside of the skull via the internal auditory meatus of the parietal bone (along with the vestibulocochlear nerve).

28
Q

The vestibulocochlear nerve passes outside of the skull via ____.

A

The vestibulocochlear nerve passes outside of the skull via the internal auditory meatus of the parietal bone (along with the facial nerve).

29
Q

The glossopharyngeal, vagus, and spinal accessory nerves pass outside of the skull via ____.

A

The glossopharyngeal, vagus, and spinal accessory nerves pass outside of the skull via the jugular meatus between the parietal and occipital bones.

30
Q

The hypoglossal nerve passes outside of the skull via ____.

A

The hypoglossal nerve passes outside of the skull via the hypoglossal canal in the occipital bone.

31
Q

All the canals and foramenae of the skull floor

A
32
Q

The spinal segment of the spinal accessory nerve passes outside of the skull via ____.

A

The spinal segment of the spinal accessory nerve passes outside of the skull via the foramen magnum of the occipital bone.

33
Q

Cranial fossae and associated nerves

A
34
Q

Closeup on cranial nerves of the middle fossa

A
35
Q

Closeup on cranial nerves of the posterior fossa

A
36
Q

Corneal reflex

A

Lightly touching the cornea with a feather or brush causes blinking

Sensed by: Ophthalmic division of trigeminal (CNV)

Response by: Zygomatic branch of facial nerve (CNVII)

37
Q

Say “Ah” test

A

Saying “Ah” or touching the posterior third of the tongue results in soft palate elevation.

Sensed by: Glossopharyngeal nerve (CNIX)

Response by: Vagus nerve (CNX)

38
Q

If on the say “Ah” test, the patient’s uvula drifts right, the interpretation should be . . .

A

. . . there is a lesion in the left (contralateral) hypoglossal nerve, vagus nerve, or vagus nerve-associated musculature.

39
Q

Pupillary reflex

A

When a light is shined in someone’s eye, both pupils should constrict.

Sensed by: Optic nerve (CNII)

Response by: Occulomotor nerve (CNIII)

40
Q

Ethmoid sinus

A

Spongy sinus behind the space where your eyebrows meet.

41
Q

Sphenoidal sinus

A

Within the sphenoid bone

42
Q

Atlas / Axis

A
43
Q

Thyroid and cartilages

A
44
Q

Hemisected head

A
45
Q

Beware lacerations of ___.

A

Beware lacerations of the face and scalp.

Any blood here is arterial until proven otherwise. These vessels are not good at repairing themselves or stopping bleeding, and often bandaging is NOT enough.

46
Q

Vasculature of external head and neck

A
47
Q

Location of parathyroid gland

A
48
Q

Is a patient presents with a facial laceration, you should always inspect ____.

A

Is a patient presents with a facial laceration, you should always inspect salivary gland function.

49
Q

Steeple sign

A

Observed in the treachea. Indicative of obstructive inflammatory process (like EoE).

50
Q

Important structures of the lower neck

A
51
Q

The walls of the dural venous sinuses are composed of ____.

A

The walls of the dural venous sinuses are composed of dura mater lined with endothelium.

52
Q

The external carotid artery gives rise to. . .

A
  1. superior thyroid artery
  2. lingual artery
  3. facial artery
  4. maxillary artery
  5. superficial temporal artery
  6. occipital artery
53
Q

supratrochlear artery

A

Extends from the inside of the skull via the orbit along with the trochlear artery and supplies the forehead, also anastamosing with the facial artery.

54
Q

The confluence of sinuses rests ___ and is the point where ___ merge.

A

The confluence of sinuses rests in the posterior, medial occipital lobe and is the point where occipital sinus, transverse sinus, superior sagital sinus, and straight sinus merge.

55
Q

All sinuses drain into ___ via ___.

A

All sinuses drain into the internal jugular vein via the sigmoid sinus.

56
Q

The Circle of Willis is supplied by . . .

A

. . . the internal carotid artery.

57
Q

Arteries which supply the Circle of Willis

A
  • Vertebral arteries
  • Interior carotid arteries
58
Q

Major arteries supplied by the Circle of Willis

A
  • Posterior cerebral
  • Anterior cerebral
59
Q

The ___ joins the anterior cerebral arteries.

A

The anterior commnicating artery joins the anterior cerebral arteries.

60
Q

The ___ joins the posterior cerebral arteries.

A

The posterior communicating artery joins the posterior cerebral arteries.

61
Q
A
62
Q

The middle cerebral artery is a branch of ___.

A

The middle cerebral artery is a branch of the internal carotid artery.

63
Q

Branches of the internal carotid outside of the brain

A

None! Not along the whole path from the mediastinum to the brainstem. It’s sole function is to supply the Circle of Willis and Middle Cerebral Artery.

64
Q

Circle of Willis circulation out of context

A
65
Q

Circle of Willis circulation in context

A

HMS Anatomy (15 decks)

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